Trends of persistent organic pollutants in the suspended matter of the River Rhine

Recently amended European (EU) water policies call for an adequate monitoring of the chemical status of sediments and suspended matter (SM) in rivers. In this study, we focus on long‐term time series of particle‐bound hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB‐138 and PCB‐153) that were monitored biweekly to monthly at eight stations in the River Rhine catchment. Our aims are (1) to detect trends in the concentration series HCB, PCB‐138 and PCB‐153, (2) to estimate the uncertainty of loads caused by SM collection techniques and load calculation procedures and (3) to detect trends in the subsequently calculated annual load series. HCB concentration in the SM for the period 1995–2008 significantly (p < 0·01) decreased at six of the eight monitoring stations. Decreasing PCB‐138 and PCB‐153 concentrations are significant at six of the eight and seven of the eight monitoring stations, respectively. A two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) that tested the effect of two collection techniques and four load calculation procedures on annual loads indicates homogeneity of the methods at four of the five monitoring stations. At Weil, only the loads of HCB, PCB‐138 and PCB‐153 are significantly affected by the collection technique. The trend analysis of an extended series (1985–2007) of annual HCB loads at Koblenz showed a significant decrease from about 110 kg year^?1 to about 15–23 kg year^?1; however, in the shorter period (1995–2007) only at two of the eight monitoring stations decreasing trends of annual contaminant load could be detected. We conclude that any of the tested load calculation procedures can be applied, as loads do no differ systematically. Although a high uncertainty in load estimation exists (e.g. maximum percentage error of E = [18·1, 122·5]% for HCB), the monitoring programme at the Rhine is adequate for analysing the long‐term chemical status of SM. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

层流区Shields曲线分布规律试验

为探明层流条件下Shields曲线的分布规律,运用电荷耦合组件(Charge Coupled Device,CCD)成像技术结合激光扫描及计算机图像处理技术,在水和甘油混合液中对无黏性均匀玻璃颗粒的起动拖曳力进行测量,并根据层流绕流理论建立了无黏性均匀颗粒的滚动起动模型,提出层流条件下无黏性均匀颗粒的量纲一起动拖曳力公式.试验观测发现在层流范围内希尔兹数呈规则的带状分布,流体作用引起颗粒床表面粗化并导致床面颗粒突起减小,使颗粒起动拖曳力增大1倍以上.结果表明颗粒床表面结构性状直接影响着颗粒起动拖曳力的大小,在层流区Shields曲线具有带状分布特性.     

MICP对钙质砂单颗粒的破碎行为影响研究

作为一种特殊的岩土介质材料,钙质砂具有在低压下易破碎的性质。微生物诱导方解石沉淀（MICP）技术得到了广泛的关注和认可,可用来改善钙质砂的破碎特性。文章从室内试验和离散元模拟两个角度分别对钙质砂颗粒MICP固化前后进行单颗粒压碎试验,通过Weibull分布和SEM扫描等探究了MICP对钙质砂颗粒破碎行为的影响。结果表明：离散元模拟得到的生存概率曲线及Weibull模量m值与试验结果均吻合较好,验证了该数值模型的有效性。与室内试验相比,数值模拟可以精确地反映颗粒的裂纹分布及破碎过程,且可以研究同一颗粒MICP固化前后的情形,弥补了室内实验的不足,但其取决于模型参数的选取;经过MICP固化后的钙质砂颗粒表面有明显的方解石结晶生成,颗粒表面及内孔隙分别得到一定程度的包裹和填充,导致颗粒破碎强度有明显的增强且离散性大大降低,破碎模式由“多峰型”向“单峰型”转变,局部裂纹减少,多以表面磨损和直接产生贯穿裂纹为主。     

A neighbor decay cellular automata approach for simulating urban expansion based on particle swarm intelligence

Simulation and quantitative analysis of urban land use change are effective ways to investigate urban form evolution. Cellular Automata (CA) has been used as a convenient and useful tool for simulating urban land use change. However, the key issue for CA models is the definition of the transition rules, and a number of statistical or artificial intelligence methods may be used to obtain the optimal rules. Neighborhood configuration is a basic component of transition rules, and is characterized by a distance decay effect. However, many CA models do not consider the neighbor decay effect in cellular space. This paper presents a neighbor decay cellular automata model based on particle swarm optimization (PSO-NDCA). We used particle swarm optimization (PSO) to find transition rules and considered the decay effect of the cellular neighborhood. A negative power exponential function was used to compute the decay coefficient of the cellular neighborhood in the model. By calculating the cumulative differences between simulation results and the sample data, the PSO automatically searched for the optimal combination of parameters of the transition rules. Using Xiamen City as a case study, we simulated urban land use changes for the periods 1992–1997 and 2002–2007. Results showed that the PSO-NDCA model had a higher prediction accuracy for built-up land, and a higher overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient than the urban CA model based on particle swarm optimization. The study demonstrates that there exist optimal neighborhood decay coefficients in accordance with the regional characteristics of an area. Urban CA modelling should take into account the role of neighborhood decay.     

港建工程海域悬浮颗粒物及其生态效应研究

于2011年5月~2012年4月,对正在建设港口及其邻近海域环境进行为期一年的监测,研究港口建设引起的悬浮物变化,及其对海域重金属污染物和生物群落的影响。研究结果表明:(1)海域悬浮物的变化范围为1.2~147.5mg/L,底层悬浮物含量显著高于表层,悬浮物含量受季节自然因素和工程建设人为因素的双重影响;(2)水体中重金属含量呈现升高趋势,与悬浮物含量变化的关系不明显;(3)海域浮游植物密度和群落特征指数均较低,甲藻比例明显增加;浮游动物密度和各群落特征相对正常;底栖生物面临较大压力。     

基于粒子群算法优化BP神经网络的地铁暗挖段地表变形预测

在使用传统BP神经网络算法建模进行预测过程中,由于初始权值和阈值是随机给定的,易使网络陷入局部最优,从而导致预测精度较低。利用具有较强优化能力的粒子群算法（ particle swarm optimization ,PSO）优化BP神经网络在训练过程中的初始权值和阈值,建立新的预测模型,以青岛地铁3号线保河区间隧道监测数据为例进行验证分析,研究结果表明,与传统BP神经网络预测算法相比,使用PSO算法优化的BP神经网络预测算法可以得到更优的预测结果。     

基于网络Voronoi图启发式和群智能的最大覆盖空间优化

提出一种基于网络Voronoi面域图的最大覆盖选址模型及相应的粒子群优化方法,并应用于城市响应时间敏感型公共服务设施的空间优化。本文考虑设施功能沿交通网络辐射以及需求非均匀分布情形,对设施在网络连续空间上进行布局优化,选址模型采用网络Voronoi面域图划分布局设施的功能辐射域,以启发空间优化最小化重叠覆盖。模型同时顾及了设施利用率的最大化,规定设施对给定距离以内的需求实行的完全服务覆盖和对给定距离以外的需求实行随距离衰减的部分服务覆盖。本研究提出基于遗传机制和广义Voronoi图改进的粒子群算法以提高其空间优化性能,通过对南京市消防站最大覆盖空间优化实验表明,该研究取得了较为理想的结果,可应用于城市化区域应急设施最大覆盖空间优化。     

Debris flow simulation-oriented three-dimensional scenery modeling and rendering

3D (three-dimensional) process simulation is currently one of the most challenging fields of research on debris flow.Large scale terrain rendering is the most basic task of 3D scenery construction in debris flow simulation.As the major trigger for debris flow,rainfall will substantially enhance the realistic sense.Terrain and rainfall rendering in 3D debris flow simulations poses great challenges for numerical computation and graphical processing capability.In this paper,we propose to integrate GPU technology,LoD algorithms,and particle systems to realize 3D scenery modeling and rendering.The real-time LoD-based terrain modeling and rendering algorithm is presented first,and then a particle system-based rainfall scenery rendering method is implemented.Experimental results demonstrate that the 3D scenery rendered with the proposed approach exhibits sound performance and fair visual effects,which lays a solid foundation for the whole process simulation of debris flow disasters.     

GIS栅格数据的邻域粒化和粗糙逼近

GIS栅格数据能表述连续变化的空间现象,它每个像元的属性值有连续数据和离散数据2种。针对栅格连续数值空间进行分析,突破传统的基于栅格本身邻域位置的研究方法,从属性值本身来定义邻域,基于属性距离度量公式来定义数据的领域。不同的邻域大小,一个栅格像元可以得到不同的邻域;并且从粗糙逼近的角度来探讨邻域信息粒子样本的上、下近似...     

天津武清地区单颗粒黑碳气溶胶特征观测分析

该文介绍了单颗粒黑碳测量仪的观测原理,该仪器利用红外波段的连续激光束对黑碳粒子加热并使之燃烧,通过粒子发出的散射光信号和黑碳粒子燃烧时发出的光信号,来分析每一个黑碳粒子的特性,并通过两种信号的时间差判断黑碳粒子的混合状态。其原理有别于传统的黑碳气溶胶观测方法,可以提供单个黑碳气溶胶粒子特性信息。2009年12月使用单颗粒黑碳测量仪在天津市武清地区进行了为期近1个月的观测。结果表明:粒径为50~500 nm的气溶胶粒子中,黑碳气溶胶粒子占57.2%,平均数浓度为1504 cm-3,黑碳气溶胶粒子的平均质量浓度为8.15 μg/m3,包衣较厚的混合型黑碳气溶胶粒子占黑碳气溶胶粒子的51.5%。