顾及时空信息的暴雨精细化大数据平台构建方法

暴雨是城市灾害中最常见的一种,具有降水时间短、强度大的特点,很难做到精确预报.以时空信息为基础框架,建立了暴雨精细化工程综合时空数据库,研发了暴雨精细化工程基础数据平台,提供了暴雨专题数据可视化展示、暴雨灾害预测分析、灾害模拟、撤离避灾路线制定等功能.通过对暴雨的时空分布进行实时展示,可获得基于监测数据的较为准确的预测...     

X射线衍射全谱拟合法分析蓝晶石的矿物含量

蓝晶石矿物定量分析通常采用的化学物相法分析流程繁琐,易受同质异象矿物和难熔矿物的干扰;采用X射线衍射内标法需要提纯矿物绘制标准曲线,但矿物包体的存在使得获取纯净单矿物成为难题;由于不同矿区蓝晶石矿物成分之间存在着差异性,以上两种方法都仅仅适用于同一矿区样品的矿物定量分析。为简化分析流程,提高测试效率,本文采用X射线衍射(XRD)全谱拟合法对蓝晶石国家二级标准物质和野外样品进行分析,并与RIR法、绝热法和K值法等衍射定量方法及化学分析结果进行了比较验证方法的可靠性。结果表明:全谱拟合法无需采用标准物质,也不用引入内标物,一次扫谱分析能获得样品中所有成分的信息,操作简单,能有效降低择优取向对衍射定量结果的影响;对于含量大于5%的矿物,组分分析结果的绝对误差小于1%,显著低于绝对误差允许限;采用Highscore和Jade两种衍射数据处理软件获得的定量结果吻合度高,目标矿物蓝晶石分析结果的双差均小于0.8%,相对偏差小于2.5%;蓝晶石的加标回收率在95.3%～101.0%之间,能实现不同矿区蓝晶石矿的快速定量分析。     

First-principles study of (MgH2SiO4)? n (Mg2SiO4) hydrous olivine structures. I. Crystal structure modelling of hydrous olivine Hy-2 a (MgH2SiO4) ? 3(Mg2SiO4)

 Recently, the Hy-2a hydrous olivine (MgH₂ SiO₄)·3(Mg₂SiO₄) occurring as nanometre-sized inclusions in mantle olivines has been found by TEM, and has been suggested to be a new DHMS phase (Khisina et al. 2001). A model of the crystal structure of Hy-2a has been proposed as a 2a-superstructure of olivine with one Me²⁺ -vacant octahedral layer in the (1 0 0) plane per Hy-2a unit cell (Khisina and Wirth 2002). In the present study the crystal structure of Hy-2a hydrous olivine is optimized by ab initio calculations. The aims of this study are: (1) verification of the suggested models of Hy-2a hydrous olivine structure; (2) calculation of the most stable configurations for Hy-2a structure with minimum static lattice energy, by assuming a possible formation of Me²⁺ vacancies in either M1 or M2 octahedral sites; (3) determination of the position of protons and hydrogen bonds in the Hy-2a structure. Several different possible configurations of the Hy-2a structure are optimized. The results support the idea of a stable olivine structure with ordered planar-segregated OH-bearing defects oriented parallel to (1 0 0). The data obtained indicate a preferred stability of the Hy-2a structure with the protons associated with M1 vacancies and bonded with O1 and O2 oxygen sites. The relative energy values of the optimized Hy-2a structure configurations correlate as a rule with the average shifts of atoms from their positions in pure forsterite structure. Received: 7 February 2002 / Accepted: 23 October 2002     

X射线衍射全谱拟合法快速分析长石矿物含量

长石中矿物的含量需要根据化学分析结果计算获得,分析流程长、计算复杂,而光学显微镜测定长石含量易受切片位置的影响。本文利用High Score软件对长石样品进行X射线衍射全谱拟合分析,能有效降低衍射峰重叠影响,修正择优取向造成的衍射强度误差,方法的准确度优于参比法(RIR法);样品定量分析结果与绝热法结果接近,相对偏差小于1.69%;与化学分析结果换算的矿物含量比较,绝对误差小于5%,满足了DZ/T 0130—2006所规定的绝对误差允许限。采用钾长石国家一级标准物质进行验证,主要矿物成分的分析误差小于1.34%,与钾长石化学成分标准值相比,绝对误差均小于1%。对长石物相进行定量分析的结果表明:X射线衍射全谱拟合法操作简单,分析质量能够满足相关标准对衍射分析的要求,用于地质实验中岩石矿物物相含量分析是可行的。     

Structural characterization and chemical reactivity of synthetic Mn-goethites and hematites

Several goethites were obtained through the hydrolysis at 60 °C of Fe(III) solutions containing variable amounts of Mn(II) ions. The obtained samples were thermally treated at temperatures ranging from 180 to 310 °C until the complete phase transformation to hematite was achieved. The effect of Mn in the dehydroxylation process was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the Rietveld refinement of XRD data together with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In all cases, the formed hematites retained the acicular shape of the precursor goethite. The dehydroxylation temperature increased with the increase of the Mn content in the parent goethite. The cell parameters of both phases decreased with the thermal treatment, however the decrease in the goethite b-parameter was more pronounced. This fact could be attributed to the distortion in the goethite structure by the presence of manganese. The band shifts in the FT-IR spectra of the goethites with different Mn substitution were analysed. The intensities of the hydroxyl vibrations were indicative of the degree of dehydroxylation.The chemical reactivity of all the samples, before and after the thermal treatment, was also studied. The kinetic experiments were carried out at 40 °C in 4 mol dm^− 3 HCl. The acid dissolution of all Mn-goethites showed a congruent behavior indicative of a homogeneous distribution of Mn in the goethite crystals, this trend was not observed in the formed hematites presenting a high Mn content. The dissolution rate in goethites increased with the increase of Mn content, the opposite effect was observed in the corresponding hematites. The activation energy in both phases was also obtained and indicated that the Mn substitution produces an opposite effect on goethite- and hematite-phases. Different kinetic laws were applied in order to explain the dissolution behavior, but the modified first-order Kabai equation described the dissolution data best.     

基于地形精化的金星重力场模型VGM2013

高精度金星重力场的获取,是金星探测的重要内容.本文利用最新的金星地形和重力模型,通过高通滤波后的残差地形（RTM）并在考虑均衡改正的情况下改进了重力的短波成分,最终提出了一个新的金星重力模型VGM2013,该模型赤道分辨率达10 km量级,大大高于现有的金星重力场模型,最终结果是金星表面重力加速度和重力扰动.研究中同时发现金星在Airy-Heiskanen均衡模型下的全球最优补偿深度为30 km,金星地壳的密度可能小于当前认为的2700~2900 kg·m-3.VGM2013模型的结果可为将来的金星探测器定轨和着陆导航提供参考,作为重力计算的先验模型.但由于该模型没有包含短波重力观测信息,不建议直接用于更小尺度的地质和地球物理解释.     

1∶5万数据库内容需求调查结果的分析

围绕国家基础地理信息1∶5 万核心地形要素数据库内容的完善,对不同专业领域和部门,通过问卷进行调研,了解地理信息用户对于国家基础地理信息的要素内容、属性信息等的需求。针对反馈结果,进行了统计分析,并提出了3种不同的数据库内容完善方案。方案的最终确定还需要采取空间分析的手段进行修正,使之可以作为数据库内容完善的参考     

Rietveld全图拟合法定量分析伊利石矿的精确度及误差来源

伊利石是一种重要的矿产资源,准确获得矿石中矿物组成和含量具有重要的理论和实际意义。Rietveld全图拟合法采用整个衍射图进行分析,具有较高的准确度。然而由于缺少纯的伊利石样品,目前对于该方法在分析伊利石矿样的精确度和误差来源尚不清楚。本文采用Rietveld全图拟合法对人工配制和天然的伊利石典型矿样进行了分析和计算,并与X射线荧光光谱(XRF)分析结果进行了对比,探讨了该方法的精确度及产生误差的因素。结果表明：人工配制的伊利石-石英二元混合物绝对误差范围为-0.9%~0.9%;伊利石-石英-钠长石三元混合物绝对误差范围为-1.9%~1.6%;伊利石-石英-钠长石-方解石-高岭石多元混合物绝对误差范围-2.3%~1.6%。天然伊利石矿样的Rietveld定量结果与XRF分析结果具有很好的一致性。表明该方法在分析伊利石矿样中具有较高的精确度,误差来源主要受伊利石结构模型、各物相中原子热振动参数Uiso取值合理性,以及择优取向等因素的影响。因此,在实际分析伊利石矿样时,建议根据实际情况选择合理的矿物结构模型,原子热振动Uiso取值应参考文献进行合理设定,制备试样应尽量减弱择优取向。     

中国热量资源精细化估算

热量资源是重要的农业气候资源,掌握其精细化分布情况,对于农业气候区划有重要意义,并对农业发展起科学的指导作用,为了得到全国各时间尺度的热量资源精细化资料,需要将不同时间尺度的气象站观测资料估算到无资料的细网格上。本文对比分析了反距离加权法（IDW）、梯度距离平方反比法（GIDW）、样条函数法（Spline）、克里格法（Kriging）和趋势面法估算全国热量资源的效果,采用1998—2007年全国651个基本、基准站的1月和7月平均气温、最高气温进行空间估算试验,用交叉检验的方法分析估算误差及其分布情况。分析结果表明,梯度距离反比法（GIDW）较好地反映了局地地形、海拔高度的影响,误差最小,估算结果最优,GIDW法对热量资源的估算误差较小,相对误差总体不超过5%。基于GIS软件平台,利用1971—2000年全国2346个站的资料采用GIDW法对全国的热量资源进行了估算,得到了年、季、月、旬尺度的平均气温分布图,并制作了稳定通过0,5,10,12,15℃界限温度的初终日序日、初终间日数、积温全国分布图,空间分辨率达0.01°。     

利用虚拟格网系统误差补偿进行RPC参数精化

提出了一种RPC参数精化方法,即通过消除虚拟控制格网点上的系统误差来实现RPC参数的精化。试验结果表明,对于QuickBird影像,使用本文提出的方法精化RPC参数以后,其像点的平面精度达到了±2.4 pixels;对于SPOT-5立体像对而言,基于精化RPC参数的影像目标立体定位的平面精度和高程精度分别为±5.892 m和±4.020 m。