Refinement Indicators for Optimal Selection of Geostatistical Realizations Using the Gradual Deformation Method

In the analysis of petroleum reservoirs, one of the most challenging problems is to use inverse theory in the search for an optimal parameterization of the reservoir. Generally, scientists approach this problem by computing a sensitivity matrix and then perform a singular value decomposition in order to determine the number of degrees of freedom i.e. the number of independent parameters necessary to specify the configuration of the system. Here we propose a complementary approach: it uses the concept of refinement indicators to select those degrees which have the greatest sensitivity to an objective function quantifying the mismatch between measured and simulated data. We apply this approach to the problem of data integration for petrophysical reservoir charaterization where geoscientists are currently working with multimillion cell geological models. Data integration may be performed by gradually deforming (by a linear combination) a set of these multimillion grid geostatistical realizations during the optimization process. The inversion parameters are then reduced to the number of coefficients of this linear combination. However, there is an infinity of geostatistical realizations to choose from which may not be efficient regarding operational constraints. Following our new approach, we are able through a single objective function evaluation to compute refinement indicators that indicate which realizations might improve the iterative geological model in a significant way. This computation is extremely fast as it implies a single gradient computation through the adjoint state approach and dot products. Using only the most sensitive realizations from a given set, we are able to resolve quicker the optimization problem case. We applied this methodology to the integration of interference test data into 3D geostatistical models.     

GNSS测量+水准面精化模型代替等级水准测量验证分析

基于高精度的嘉兴市似大地水准面精化模型和嘉兴市连续运行卫星定位综合服务系统(JXCORS),结合嘉兴市现代测绘基准体系建设和复测两个项目的成果数据,对GNSS静态测量和网络实时动态(RTK)测量代替等级水准测量进行了推导计算和测试分析比对,最终验证代替等级水准测量具有可行性,对于城市测绘具有较好的应用价值。     

区域历史人口空间格局精细化重建:方法与实证

以清中期（1736~1820年）苏州府为例,探索历史时期人口空间分布的影响机制,构建历史人口空间分布适宜性计算方法,在2个典型时段（1776年、1820年）重建1 km×1 km空间格网下的人口数据集。研究结果表明:① 在数量上,1776年,苏州府人口总量为511.1万,其中城市人口120.1万,农村人口391.0万;1820年,总人口为590.8万,其中城市168.7万,农村422.1万;城市人口增长速率明显快于农村人口。② 空间格局上,1776~1820年,苏州府中部的吴县、长洲、元和等县人口较为集中,东北部昭文、新阳及中南部吴江、震泽等县较为稀疏,但区域间差异渐趋缩小;人口增长主要集中在城镇区域,较高等级城镇人口集聚特征更为显著。③ 通过与当地历史文献及现代人口格局进行相关性和趋势检验,总体特征、分布趋势和变化特点具有一致性。     

SCMOC温度精细化指导预报在陕西区域的质量检验

利用2012年陕西区域99站共366天北京时间08:00和20:00起报的SCMOC温度精细化指导预报与实况资料的比较,检验分析了定时温度、日最高气温和日最低气温的预报质量。结果表明:陕西区域SCMOC温度精细化指导预报08:00起报的准确率高于20:00起报的,且预报准确率有明显的季节变化,夏、秋季节较高,冬、春季节较低,日最高(低)气温的预报准确率与预报时效成反比。地形高度影响温度预报准确率,二者之间的相关系数通过了显著性检验。08:00起报的48h内逐3h气温多出现负误差,20:00起报的多出现正误差。08:00起报的日最高气温和20:00起报的日最高(低)气温多出现负误差,08:00起报的日最低气温多出现正误差。从对典型天气过程的温度预报质量检验来看,强冷空气影响下的降温天气过程的温度预报难度较大,预报准确率较其他天气类型偏低一些。     

Experimental multipole-refined and theoretical charge density study of LiGaSi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>6</Subscript> clinopyroxene at ambient conditions

The synthetic LiGaSi₂O₆ clinopyroxene is monoclinic C2/c at room-T. Its experimental electron density, ρ(r), has been derived starting from accurate room-T single-crystal diffraction data. Topological analysis confirms an intermediate ionic-covalent character for Si–O bonding, as found by previous electron-density studies on other silicates such as diopside, coesite and stishovite. The non-bridging Si–O bonds have more covalent character than the bridging ones. The Ga–O bonds have different bonding characters, the Ga–O2 bond being more covalent than the two Ga–O1 bonds. Li–O bonds are classified as pure closed-shell ionic interactions. Similar to spodumene (LiAlSi₂O₆), Li has sixfold coordination, but the bond critical points associated to the two longest bonds are characterized by very low electron density values. Similar to what previously found in spodumene and diopside, O···O interactions were detected from the topological analysis of ρ(r), and indicate a cooperative interaction among the lone pairs of neighbouring oxygen atoms. In particular, this kind of interaction has been obtained for the O1···O1 edge shared between two Ga octahedra. Integration over the atomic basins gives net charges of −1.39(10), 2.82(10), 1.91(10) and 0.82(8) e for O (averaged), Si, Ga and Li atoms, respectively. Periodic Hartree–Fock and DFT calculations confirm the results obtained by multipole refinement of the experimental data. Moreover, the theoretical topological properties of the electron density distribution on the Si₂O₆ group are very similar to those calculated for spodumene. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

内陆单斜构造内咸水入侵淡水含水层三维数值模拟：——以山西柳林？…

本文建立了内陆单斜构造内咸水入侵淡水含水层的三维可混溶溶质运移模型。同时,为了尽可能提高模拟精度,还建立了区域二维水流模型和水质模型,为三维模型提供边界条件。模型应用于描述柳林电厂水源地咸－淡水界面运移特征,模拟效果良好,还据此预报了咸水入侵的可能性并探讨了淡水流的强弱对咸－淡水界面运移的影响。     

Adaptive isogeometric finite element analysis of steady‐state groundwater flow

Numerical challenges occur in the simulation of groundwater flow problems because of complex boundary conditions, varying material properties, presence of sources or sinks in the flow domain, or a combination of these. In this paper, we apply adaptive isogeometric finite element analysis using locally refined (LR) B‐splines to address these types of problems. The fundamentals behind isogeometric analysis and LR B‐splines are briefly presented. Galerkin's method is applied to the standard weak formulation of the governing equation to derive the linear system of equations. A posteriori error estimates are calculated to identify which B‐splines should be locally refined. The error estimates are calculated based on recovery of the L₂‐projected solution. The adaptive analysis method is first illustrated by performing simulation of benchmark problems with analytical solutions. Numerical applications to two‐dimensional groundwater flow problems are then presented. The problems studied are flow around an impervious corner, flow around a cutoff wall, and flow in a heterogeneous medium. The convergence rates obtained with adaptive analysis using local refinement were, in general, observed to be of optimal order in contrast to simulations with uniform refinement. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

星载合成孔径雷达构像方程及其应用于轨道精化的研究

星载合成孔径雷达构像方程是地理编码、立体测量、影像定位等几何处理的基础。本文首先讨论了构像方程的参数选择,在充分考虑轨道物理模型及摄动力影响的基础上,提出了一套改进的轨道模型参数。从距离方程及多普勒方程出发,详细推导了包含轨道模型参数及成像处理参数的星载SAR构像方程。作为构像方程的一个具体应用,本文研究了星载SAR影像的轨道精化问题。将构像方程线性化,对每个地面控制点列出误差方程,可以用类似于航空影像的空间后方交会的方式精确求解轨道模型参数。试验中从1∶5万地形图上量取了5个地面控制点,对一景Radarsat SAR影像进行了轨道精化。比较发现,头文件提供的轨道与精化的轨道之间有约2km的位置差异,用精化的轨道数据得到了高精度的几何校正结果。它间接地表明了轨道精化算法的正确可行。     

哈尔滨测绘院GNSS系统进行GPS静态四等水准测量的研发

哈尔滨测绘院利用GNSS系统进行GPS静态四等水准控制测量的设计与实现是哈尔滨市GNSS系统进行GPS高等级静态水准控制测量的历史性突破,比对常规四等水准测量检测成果,成果精度优良。利用GNSS系统进行GPS静态四等水准控制测量,大幅度地缩短了工期,降低了外业劳动强度,整体组织科学,实现了良好的社会效益,对哈尔滨市及黑龙江省以至于全国GNSS系统进行GPS静态高等级水准控制测量起到了带头和推动作用。     

水准面精化成果在公路勘测中的应用

通过在玉树西南高海拔、无控制点区域公路工程的生产作业中,利用常规方法和玉树似大地水准面精化成果在基础控制测量中的应用,互相校核,通过相关应用数据统计,为西部困难地区取代低等级水准测量和精化成果的推广应用进行了有益的探讨.