东昆仑造山带海德乌拉铝质A型流纹岩成因及其意义

东昆仑造山带古生代后碰撞岩浆岩的成因及后碰撞伸展环境的形成机制一直备受争议。本文选择东昆仑造山带古生代海德乌拉流纹岩开展锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素地质学及全岩地球化学研究,分析其成因并探讨后碰撞伸展环境的起始时间和形成机制。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素定年结果显示,海德乌拉流纹岩形成于426Ma,属于志留纪罗德洛世岩浆活动产物。样品显示高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列岩石特征;其A/CNK值为1.04-1.18,属于过铝质-强过铝质岩石。在原始地幔标准化微量元素图解上,样品显示Th、U和Pb等元素相对富集,Nb、Ta、Ti、Ba和Sr等元素相对亏损的特征;在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素图解上,海德乌拉样品显示轻稀土相对富集且具有明显Eu负异常(δEu=0.03-0.06)。海德乌拉流纹岩显示出高FeO^T/MgO和10⁴×Ga/Al比值以及高场强元素总量(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y),属于A型岩浆岩范畴。样品的锆石ε_Hf(t)为+0.60～+2.39,对应的二阶段模式年龄介于1285～1370Ma之间。元素和同位素地球化学特征显示海德乌...     

Variation in rhyolitic magma composition linked with fractionation from a common source: insights from the Rotoiti eruption,Taupo Volcanic Zone,New Zealand

ABSTRACT

The Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), New Zealand, is a well-documented volcanic arc characterized by explosive rhyolitic magmas within a series of caldera complexes that include the Okataina Volcanic Centre (OVC). New quartz melt inclusion and volcanic glass data from the 45 ka caldera-forming Rotoiti eruption within the OVC are compared to published studies. The new data are characterized by low K₂O (~1.5–3.5 wt.%), Rb (~30–70 ppm), Sr (~40–90 ppm), U (~0.5–2.5 ppm), and Ba (~300–1000 ppm) ranges that differ significantly from other OVC systems (~3.0–4.5 wt.% K₂O, ~80–150 ppm Rb, and ~2.5–5.0 ppm U). Most interestingly, the Rotoiti melt inclusion data measured in this study show a decrease in Rb, Sr, and U, although the fractionation trends originate from the same source point as published OVC data. This progressive decreasing trend is interpreted as an interaction with a less enriched rhyolitic melt (represented by the low Rb, Sr, and U of glasses) during fractionation processes from a common TVZ source. The established model for TVZ rhyolites is that they are extracted from a middle or upper crustal source (‘mush’ zone) prior to eruption. Adding to this model, new melt inclusion data suggest that all TVZ rhyolites are fractionated from this common TVZ source and, prior to eruption, the Rotoiti system was rejuvenated by this source (evidenced by the low REE glasses). Exactly what triggers the common TVZ source to fractionate remains unclear, but a proposed mechanism to account for this involves the successive melting of the upper crust by upwelling mantle induced by incremental subduction.     

大兴安岭北部新林地区早侏罗世火山岩的发现及其地质意义

大兴安岭北部新林地区战备村一带新发现早侏罗世酸性火山岩.共测试2个锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄.第一个测年样品为绢英岩化流纹岩,谐和图上测点偏离谐和线右侧为典型的不谐和年龄,与谐和线相交年龄为192.0±1 Ma,MSWD=1.2,为流纹岩喷出后的冷却结晶年龄;第二个测试样品为弱硅化流纹岩,谐和年龄为178.0...     

苏鲁造山带白垩系青山群流纹岩石泡构造的矿物学与地球化学特征：对石泡流纹岩成因的指示意义

石泡构造是酸性火山岩中的一种特殊原生构造,常见于流纹岩中。石泡构造成因的研究对认识流纹质岩浆性质和喷发环境都具有重要意义。然而,关于形成石泡构造的岩浆性质、形成机理及其影响因素的研究仍比较薄弱。本文以苏鲁造山带白垩系青山群流纹岩石泡构造为研究对象,通过矿物学、岩石学、地球化学等方法,对石泡构造的发育规律、石泡和石泡间胶结熔浆的矿物组成、元素变化进行了系统研究。结果表明,石泡构造流纹岩主要发育于溢流相上部亚相,石泡可划分为实心型和空心型两类。地球化学特征显示石泡流纹岩与流纹构造流纹岩属同源岩浆,石泡流纹岩经历了更高程度的分异作用。石泡构造流纹岩胶结熔浆中水含量高于下部流纹构造流纹岩的玻璃质,导致溢流相上部亚相挥发分逸出趋势相对明显,受限于富硅岩浆的高黏度,挥发分未能顺利逸出,在逸出点猝冷形成石泡壁,受瞬时应力作用和过冷程度影响,形成形态多样的空腔。随着结晶温度下降,空腔内部残余岩浆依次冷凝结晶形成玉髓或石英。石泡构造的形成意味着岩浆作用过程或者喷发环境水的加入,对于研究酸性岩浆的演化和火山喷发机制具有重要意义。     

内蒙古正蓝旗地区中生代火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄与板内伸展环境成因讨论

内蒙古东南部正蓝旗地区中生代火山岩广泛出露,岩性主要包括流纹岩、粗面岩、碎斑熔岩、熔结凝灰岩以及黑曜岩等,以碎斑熔岩发育为显著特征。本次研究测得流纹岩、霏细质碎斑熔岩及熔结凝灰岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为(141.4±0.7)Ma、(141.6±0.6)Ma和(139.4±0.7)Ma,三者在误差范围内一致,表明研究区火山活动(从溢流、爆发到侵出)持续的时间很短,时代为早白垩世早期,属张家口组。除个别样品,正蓝旗地区晚期侵出的碎斑熔岩与早期溢流相的流纹岩、粗面岩在地球化学特征上极为一致,均为富硅富钾,贫Ca、Mg和Al,属粗面岩-流纹岩组合,部分样品具有碱性流纹岩的特征;富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,而强烈亏损Ba、Sr、Ti、P;轻稀土元素(LREE)富集,Eu强烈亏损,轻、重稀土元素分馏较强(LaN/YbN主要介于6.87~42.74)。碎斑熔岩体相较于早期熔岩更加富硅贫碱,表明流纹岩-粗面岩喷溢之后,岩浆房中剩余岩浆又经过一定程度的分异,向更为富硅贫碱方向演化之后侵出地表。正蓝旗地区火山岩具有A型花岗岩的特征,为A_1型为主,A_1—A_2过渡的地球化学特征。碎斑熔岩体与流纹岩-粗面岩的Nb/Ta介于10.46~24.02,在地壳和地幔岩浆Nb/Ta比值之间;Y/Nb、Ti/Yb、Ti/Zr均体现出壳幔混合的特点;Rb/Sr介于0.61~64.51,为壳源特征。因此,研究区火山岩是造山后向板内非造山转换并以板内非造山为主的伸展环境下,经较为强烈地幔物质改造的下地壳部分熔融的产物。     

辽北德仁组火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及岩石地球化学特征

通过对辽北平岗盆地中德仁组火山岩的岩石学、地球化学和年代学的研究,探讨了其岩石成因、形成时代、构造环境,以及华北克拉通东部岩石圈减薄时间和减薄机制。用LA-ICP-MS技术测定了平岗盆地中德仁组中部英安质角砾晶屑岩屑凝灰岩和上部流纹岩中的锆石U-Th-Pb同位素组成。获得前者的锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为246.8±3.5Ma和169.6±4.6Ma,代表了2期岩浆活动的年龄,是平岗盆地基底早三叠世和中侏罗世岩浆活动的表现;后者的锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为117.0±0.9Ma,表明流纹岩形成于早白垩世。德仁组火山岩富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Y、Yb;富集轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素,稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾型,表现出壳源特征。德仁组火山岩形成于活动大陆边缘火山弧环境,原始岩浆来源于盆地基底岩浆岩重熔。研究区在117~135Ma期间,发生了由正地形向负地形的重大转变,区域上发育伸展盆地和变质核杂岩,并在基底岩石重熔过程中受到地幔混染作用,表明研究区在早白垩世发生了岩石圈减薄,且减薄的起始时间早于117.0±0.9Ma,减薄机制为拆沉作用。     

冲绳海槽南部流纹岩中角闪石的化学特征及其对岩石成因的指示

为了揭示冲绳海槽西南端流纹岩成因,利用电子探针和LA-ICP-MS对该流纹岩中角闪石进行了主量和微量元素测定。所有角闪石主量元素成分变化范围小,晶体化学特征主要表现为:Ca_B>1.60,Ca_A=0,（Na+K）_A<0.33,Na_B介于0.23~0.39之间,均为钙质镁闪石。微量元素以富集Sc、V、Cr、Co、Ni和REE,亏损Rb、Sr、Ba、Zr、Th、U和Pb为特征,这些元素的富集与亏损与复杂的类质同象作用有关。由角闪石温压计得出其结晶时的温度范围为775~839℃,压力为0.12 GPa,大致相当于4 km的深度。角闪石的成因矿物学研究显示该流纹岩中角闪石为壳-幔混合成因,进一步表明冲绳海槽南部流纹岩由幔源玄武质岩浆与壳源长英质岩浆混合形成的中基性岩浆在浅层岩浆房中结晶分异而形成,且壳幔混合源很可能是冲绳海槽西南端火山岩岩浆的主要来源。     

Modelling Geophysical Precursors to the Prehistoric c. AD1305 Kaharoa Rhyolite Eruption of Tarawera Volcano, New Zealand

The 1305 Kaharoa rhyolite eruptive episode is the largest volcanic event(4 km³ magma) to have occurred in New Zealand during the last 1000 years. Proximal areas were devastated by pyroclastic flows, and tephra fell over much of the northern North Island. No eyewitness observations are recorded, but ejecta analyses show that the rhyolite eruptions were primed and triggered by basalt intrusions. This key finding, combined with observations of similar modern eruptions, has allowed construction of a conceptual scenario of the seismic and other activity that likely preceded the Kaharoa episode.The precursory scenario begins at -5 years (before the first eruption). Rising basalt magma intrusions generate deep long-period earthquakes in the lower crust, before intersecting and heating a rhyolite magma body at 6 km depth beneath Tarawera. By -1 year, increased heat flux from the rhyolite magma body had raised temperatures and pressures in the overlying hydrothermal system; generating shallow long-period earthquakes and increased heat flow at the surface. At -2 months, shallow volcano-tectonic earthquake activity intensified, driven by inflation of the rhyolite magma body, with magmatic gas appearing in fumarole discharges. Rapidly accelerating seismicity, ground deformation and surface heat flow occurred in the last few weeks and days, before the initial vent-opening explosions intensified into major plinian eruptions.Effectiveness of the present volcano monitoring system at Tarawera can be evaluated against this scenario. The precursory seismic activity, including the critical deep long-period earthquakes, would be recorded but not accurately located. Similarly, the existing ground deformation monitoring systems would detect early magma chamber inflation, but discrimination from the background tectonic tilting signal would be difficult. Continuous telemetering of geodetic data from existing and additional instruments would be required for any useful monitoring of rapid ground deformation in the final precursory phases.     

悠悠古遗址珍稀古火山——关于建立四平山门-伊通火山国家地质公园的若干思考

建设国家地质公园是时代发展、保护自然遗产的客观要求.四平山门-伊通一带分布着的十数座流纹岩柱状节理火山锥和玄武岩柱状节理火山锥,辅以燕国古城遗址、努尔哈赤起兵和慈禧祖籍地、解放战争"四战四平"战绩地等人文景观和其他自然景观,以及各类保护区和经济开发区的建设,使本区具备了地质公园的地质遗迹特殊的科学意义.稀有的自然属性,优雅的美学观赏价值,融合自然与人文景观并具有生态、历史和文化价值,为建立国家地质公园奠定了丰厚的物质基础.本文对四平山门-伊通火山地质公园从基础条件,基础研究、基础建设、申报工作等方面给予了详实论述.     

Magma Generation at a Large, Hyperactive Silicic Volcano (Taupo, New Zealand) Revealed by U-Th and U-Pb Systematics in Zircons

Young (<65 ka) explosive silicic volcanism at Taupo volcano,New Zealand, has involved the development and evacuation ofseveral crustal magmatic systems. Up to and including the 26·5ka 530 km³ Oruanui eruption, magmatic systems were contemporaneousbut geographically separated. Subsequently they have been separatedin time and have vented from geographically overlapping areas.Single-crystal (secondary ionization mass spectrometry) andmultiple-crystal (thermal ionization mass spectrometry) zirconmodel-age data are presented from nine representative eruptiondeposits from 45 to 3·5 ka. Zircon yields vary by threeorders of magnitude, correlating with the degrees of zirconsaturation in the magmas, and influencing the spectra of modelages. Two adjacent magma systems active up to 26·5 kashow wholly contrasting model-age spectra. The smaller systemshows a simple unimodal distribution. The larger system, usingdata from three eruptions, shows bimodal model-age spectra.An older 100 ka peak is interpreted to represent zircons (antecrysts)derived from older silicic mush or plutonic rocks, and a youngerpeak to represent zircons (phenocrysts) that grew in the magmabody immediately prior to eruption. Post-26·5 ka magmabatches show contrasting age spectra, consistent with a mixtureof antecrysts, phenocrysts and, in two examples, xenocrystsfrom Quaternary plutonic and Mesozoic–Palaeozoic metasedimentaryrocks. The model-age spectra, coupled with zircon-dissolutionmodelling, highlight contrasts between short-term silicic magmageneration at Taupo, by bulk remobilization of crystal mushand assimilation of metasediment and/or silicic plutonic basementrocks, and the longer-term processes of fractionation from crustallycontaminated mafic melts. Contrasts between adjacent or successivemagma systems are attributed to differences in positions ofthe source and root zones within contrasting domains in thequartzo-feldspathic (<15 km deep) crust below the volcano. KEY WORDS: zircon; U-series dating; rhyolite; Taupo Volcanic Zone; Taupo volcano