比特币平台挖矿策略及其收益综述

区块链技术是比特币平台的底层技术,由于其具有透明性、不可伪造性、不可更改性等特点,被广泛应用于虚拟货币、供应链等系统中.然而,大部分区块链平台,如比特币平台,面临包括自私挖矿在内的诸多问题,这将直接导致比特币并不安全,从而严重影响区块链的发展.自私挖矿是一种比特币挖掘策略,它是指自私矿工选择性地发布之前的隐匿的区块从而获得比诚实矿工更多的额外收益.本文在模拟诚实矿工挖矿实验基础上,重点研究自私挖矿情况下矿工的最佳相对收益.采用中心极限定理和节点状态转化图建立了两个节点分布概率模型,再运用马尔可夫随机过程和函数极值法依次求得两个模型下的最佳收益.同时设计并进行自私挖矿模拟实验,得出自私挖矿中节点算力和收益的关系,从而进一步验证模型的合理性.     

定向移动基于马尔科夫链的时空不确定性

概率时间地理是经典时间地理基于概率的一种扩展,它采用概率描述移动对象在可达位置的非等可能性。已有的概率时间地理是基于正态分布或布朗桥的,其方差与移动速度无关或随移动速度的增大而发散,因而难以兼顾应用针对性和稳定性。本文提出了一种基于马尔科夫链的概率时间地理方法。首先,构建中间关于两边的双向条件马尔科夫链,它在移动速度足够大时的极限可视为布朗桥,因而具有稳定性数字特征。然后,建立定向移动到马尔科夫链的映射关系,主要是根据定向移动的时空位置、移动速度等信息建立马尔科夫链的步长、状态空间和转移矩阵,这样马尔科夫链与移动速度有关。最后,利用双向马尔科夫链连续计算定向移动在任意时刻的概率分布云,其方差的针对性和稳定性在实例中进行了验证。     

一种基于复杂环境信息的导航路径动态规划算法

针对现有路径规划算法受复杂环境信息影响较大的原因,该文通过分析环境信息,综合考虑行车的时效性、安全性要求,提出一种动态路径规划辅助决策方法。该方法通过对实时环境信息进行建模和量化处理,得到不同环境特征下的道路实际权重,为路径动态规划提供先决条件;然后利用基于一阶马尔可夫链的动态路径规划算法对路径进行规划,计算出若干可选路径可供驾驶员根据实际情况进行抉择;并通过与静态权值的路径分析算法相比较得到,它能够更好地满足复杂环境信息下最优路径的规划需求,算法效率受环境因素影响较小。     

基于马尔科夫随机场与模糊C均值的遥感影像分类

模糊C均值聚类是一种经典的非监督聚类模型,成功地应用于遥感影像分类。但是该方法对初始值敏感,容易陷入局部最优解;同时聚类时仅考虑光谱信息,忽略了空间信息。本文提出了一种新的基于马尔科夫随机场的模糊C均值聚类方法,该方法把马尔科夫随机场和模糊C均值结合在一起。初始值依据第一主成分的密度函数确定,这样克服了对初始值的依赖性,又在聚类的时候考虑了空间信息。通过实例数据验证,所提出的方法分类精度优于传统的模糊C均值模型。     

基于全球转移的乐器制造业价值链空间分布——以钢琴制造业为例

作为一个发展成熟的全球性产业,乐器制造业也正经历着快速的发展和演变。鉴于作为乐器之王的钢琴在乐器中的地位,本文以钢琴为例,研究全球乐器产业的转移及价值活动分布。研究认为,钢琴制造业了5次全球转移,即西欧内部的转移、由欧洲向美国的转移、由美国向西欧和日本的转移、由日本向东亚的转移和由韩国向东亚的转移,形成了当前的全球价值分布格局,即全球钢琴制造业价值量分布整体上呈现阶梯状分布的格局,以欧美为第一阶梯,日本和韩国为第二阶梯,中国为第三阶梯。在研发、核心产品设计及品牌等的核心竞争力上表现更是如此。基于上述研究,论文最后对我国的乐器制造业发展提出了一些思考。     

城市地面沉降的灾害链特征——以天津市为例

以20世纪60-80年代天津地区地面沉降灾害的发展为例,讨论了城市地面沉降灾害的特征,分析了地面沉降引发的次生灾害及其防治问题。结果表明,城市地面沉降灾害主要具有缓释特征、不可逆特征、罪罚特征和灾害链特征,城市地面沉降能够破坏市政设施,引发城市内涝和河流泄洪能力降低,造成地下水质和地质环境恶化,使海平面上升,沿海风暴潮加剧,同时还能造成海拔标高损失等。地面沉降所造成的损失是个巨大的灾害链,损失应当包括硬件和软件,也应当包括当前和远景,以致更深层次的影响。另外,缓释、不可逆的灾链特征对经济发展的布局、远景规划和投资环境影响不可低估;生态地理环境灾害链的影响,其效益损失更难于估计。地面沉降是城市灾害系统中的重要环节,也是城市防灾减灾的重要内容。地面沉降灾害的防治,应当是经济、环境、行政、立法,甚至教育、宣传等各个方面相结合的系统工程。     

Slim pickings: Fairtrade cotton in West Africa

This paper examines the extent to which certified fairtrade cotton programs in West Africa present an alternative to the conventional cotton economy. Two fairtrade programs operating in Burkina Faso and Mali serve as case studies. The paper argues that fairtrade cotton fails to offer an alternative to conventional cotton because it works within the same commodity chain that impoverishes farmers in the first place. Cotton grower organizations seek more power within the conventional cotton sector to increase incomes and improve the living standards of all cotton growers. They are also active at the international level to eliminate the inequities of international trade. It is in these arenas that cotton growers are struggling to improve their incomes and livelihoods. Fairtrade does not address these fundamental inequities and power relations. The slim pickings of these programs are further evident in the very small amount of cotton produced and marketed as fair trade. Plans to expand production from less than 1% to 10% by 2012 are unrealistic in light of the introduction of genetically modified cotton and the limited market demand for fairtrade cotton. Despite these limitations, fairtrade cotton programs are producing some positive effects, notably women’s participation in cash crop cultivation, higher cotton quality, and the diffusion of organic farming techniques. An innovative direct marketing agreement linking the National Cotton Growers’ Union of Burkina Faso with the US women’s apparel company Victoria’s Secret indicates that alternative trading relations can be constructed outside the conventional commodity chain.     

Which Models for Collocated Cokriging?

When a target variable is sparsely sampled, compared to a densely sampled auxiliary variable, cokriging requires simplifications. In its strict sense, collocated cokriging makes use of the auxiliary variable only at the current point where the target variable is to be estimated; in the multicollocated form, it also makes use of the auxiliary variable at all points where the target variable is available. This paper looks for the models that support these collocated cokrigings, i.e., the models in which the simplification resulting from the collocated forms does not result in any loss of information. In these models, the cross-structure between the two variables is shown to be proportional to the structure of the auxiliary variable, not to the structure of the target variable as is often assumed (except, of course, when all structures are proportional). The target variable depends on the auxiliary variable and on a spatially uncorrelated residual. Collocated cokriging simplifies to the simple method, which consists in kriging this residual. The strictly collocated cokriging corresponds to the particular case where the residual has a pure nugget structure, but it is then reduced to the single regression at the target point. Except for this trivial case, there are no models in which strictly collocated cokriging is exactly a cokriging.     

A Markov Chain Model for Subsurface Characterization: Theory and Applications

This paper proposes an extension of a single coupled Markov chain model to characterize heterogeneity of geological formations, and to make conditioning on any number of well data possible. The methodology is based on the concept of conditioning a Markov chain on the future states. Because the conditioning is performed in an explicit way, the methodology is efficient in terms of computer time and storage. Applications to synthetic and field data show good results.     

近百年中国汛期雨带类型气侯变化

利用近百年中国夏季雨带类型资料，统计得其10年际变化趋势，并用马尔科夫概型分析的方法计算实际各状态间的转移概率及其优势成分、各状态间的可置换性和持续性，探讨了近百年雨带类型的气候变化规律及成因。