花岗岩研究的反思

花岗岩是地壳生长、发展以及再循环的地质见证,是地质科学中壳–幔相互作用研究的一个重要课题,同时也是流体与固体地球化学相互作用领域的研究前沿。近二百年来,有关花岗岩的研究经久不衰,大致可分为4个阶段。（1）混合花岗岩派与岩浆花岗岩派的论争,代表花岗岩成因研究开始进入理性认识阶段。一派以变质作用条件下地壳重熔的地质观察为基础,另一派以简单的玄武岩浆分异为依据,而展开论争。（2）地壳重熔实验阶段。以地壳岩石为源岩的热力学实验的开展,是花岗岩热力学研究的开始。（3）随着重熔实验的全面开展,包括了微量元素及同位素的研究,促使热力学熔融体系在花岗岩成因研究上进入全面应用阶段,使地质上的共生组合法则得以与热力学接轨。同时由于微量元素应用于花岗岩,它的多元机理（multiple stage mechanism）进一步确立,为动态研究的开展打下了一定的基础。（4）花岗岩成因与大地构造结合阶段,属于近代花岗岩研究的范畴,代表着花岗岩体系与动态地质演化过程的接轨,并开始建立一个地质实际的观察模式,为进一步向动力理论发展做好准备。为此,对花岗岩研究发展过程中出现的几个问题,如平衡热力学的应用,流体在花岗岩中的重要性,花岗岩成因与大地构造的结合以及热在长期的演化过程中的变化等问题进行了讨论。     

霍林河流域下游地区土地利用变化动态及趋势预测

霍林河流域下游地区为半农半牧区,土地利用的变化对该地区的生态环境会产生重大的影响。采用空间分析测算模型,揭示了1989～2001年期间该地区土地利用的空间变化特征以及土地利用类型三减（草地、水体、湿地）两增（耕地和未利用土地）的变化规律;并通过马尔可夫模型预测出未来24年内该区土地利用类型的演变趋势,得出水田、旱田、林地、城乡用地的继续增加是以草地、水域、湿地的减少为代价的结论,对生态环境的保护和土地资源的合理利用具有参考价值。     

浅析长侧链正烷基二氢化茚、烷基噻吩类化合物的地质意义

从颗石藻、球等辫金藻３００℃热模拟产物中检测出长侧链正烷基二氢化茚、烷基噻吩类化合物。二氢化茚类化合物碳数分布范围为Ｃ１３￣Ｃ２５,ｎＣ１４烷基二氢化茚的相对含量最高,没检测到茚类化合物,说明二氢化茚和茚可以源自不同的先质,生活于咸水环境的低等生物是二氢化茚类化合物的母质之一。在３００℃热解产物中检测出以ｍ／ｚ１１１和１２５为基峰的两个系列的长侧链烷基噻吩,表明在中－高盐度环境下,藻类将无机硫转化     

K–Ar ages of the Akan-Shiretoko volcanic chain lying oblique to the Kurile trench: Implications for tectonic control of volcanism

The Akan‐Shiretoko volcanic chain, situated in the Southwestern Kurile arc, consists mainly of nine subaerial andesitic stratovolcanoes and three calderas. The chain extends in a SW–NE direction for 200 km, situated oblique to the Kurile trench at an angle of 25 degrees. Thirty‐seven new K–Ar ages, plus previous data, suggest that volcanic activity along the Akan‐Shiretoko volcanic chain began at ca 4 Ma at Akan, at the southwestern end of the chain, and systematically progressed northeastward, resulting in the southwest‐northeast‐trending volcanic chain. This spatial and temporal distribution of volcanoes can be explained by anticline development advancing northeastward from the Akan area, accompanied by magma rising through northeast‐trending fractures that developed along the anticlinal axis. The northeastward development of the anticline caused uplifting of the Akan‐Shiretoko area and changed the area from submarine to subaerial conditions. Anticline formation was likely due to deformation of the southwestern Kurile arc, with southwestward migration of the Kurile forearc sliver caused by oblique subduction of the Pacific plate. The echelon topographic arrangement of the Shiretoko, Kunashiri, Etorofu and Urup was formed at ca 1 Ma.     

龙羊峡水库年入库径流的Markov预测模型

Markov预测技术是应用Markov链的相关预测的基本原理与方法来研究分析时间序列的变化规律,并预测其未来变化趋势的一种预报方法,适用于随机波动较大的预报问题。根据Markov链原理,提出了一个用于龙羊峡水库年平均入库径流预报的离散随机过程模型。实测资料的验证结果表明,这种模型计算精度较高,具有良好应用价值。     

洞庭湖区的泥沙淤积效应

以1951-2005 年长系列实测泥沙等资料为依据, 从泥沙淤积特性与资源环境之间的关系上, 探讨了洞庭湖区的泥沙淤积效应。研究表明: 由于洞庭湖区始终处于淤积状态, 加之人类活动影响, 导致了泥沙淤积循环演进的格局, 以至于使泥沙的灾害性效应与资源性效应 均在湖区得到充分的显示。主要表现在: ① 塑造了水体滩地、泥沙滩地、湖草滩地、芦苇滩地等类型滩地, 构成了湖泊巨系统的主体; ② 孕育或诱发了泥沙淤积→洲滩扩展、围垦→调洪功能下降、鱼类资源枯竭、生物多样性减少灾害链: 泥沙淤积→洲滩扩展→洪涝、水质污染; 泥沙淤积→植被洲滩浮涨→血吸虫病、害鼠致害灾害链; 泥沙淤积→洪溃决堤→土地沙 化灾害链。这些淤积型泥沙灾害链给湖区直接或间接地造成巨大的经济损失。③ 近55 年间, 泥沙塑造土地约98.13×10⁸hm², 人类合理开发利用洲滩资源获得了巨大的经济效益, 就地挖沙加高防洪大堤2~3 m, 累积土石方约55×10⁸ m³, 节省了购买大量原材料的开支。     

CSD和CDD结合下的最优遥感特征指数集构建及其在湿地信息提取中的应用

依托中分辨率成像光谱仪完整的数据序列和丰富的光谱信息,遥感特征指数在湿地生态系统发展变化的状态、趋向和规律研究方面发挥着不可替代的优势.传统类间距离判别的遥感特征指数选取中常存在过分依赖数据统计特征、入选指数与目标地类间生态学意义不明确、分类模型普适性差等局限性.基于此,本研究以河北省白洋淀湿地自然保护区为例,提出类可...     

The Impact of Climatic and Environmental Factors on n-Alkanes Indices in Southwestern Tibetan Plateau

n-Alkanes are widely used in paleoenvironmental reconstructions.However,our understanding of changes in the distribution of n-alkanes with climatic and environmental factors remains unclear in arid/semi-arid regions.We sampled 26 surface sediments from three climatic zones across the southwestern Tibetan Plateau to evaluate the sensitivity of chain length distributions of n-alkanes to climatic and environmental parameters.Our observations demonstrate that average chain length (ACL), proportion of aquatic macrophyte (Paq),carbon preference index (CPI) and ratio of the contents of nC27 and nC31 (nC27/nC31) are all sensitive to hydroclimatic conditions.In contrast to commonly-adopted assumptions,the correlations between these indices and hydrological parameters are not always good,which indicates that the interpretation of n-alkane indices is special on the southwestern Tibetan Plateau.These might be related to the vegetation characteristics and seasonality of biological activity,and need to be considered in paleoclimatic reconstruction.The impact of seasonal precipitation on n-alkanes indices was also evaluated.     

Texture Segmentation Based on Image Model and Neural Network

INTRODUCTIoNImagetextureanalysisisanimportantpartofresearchin-tocomputervision.Forobjectidentificationandunderstand-ing,textureanalysisisthebasisoftheresearchwork.Ingeneral,texturecanberegardedasakindofstructurethatconsistsofmanytextureelementsorpatternswhicharemoreorlesssimilar,i.e.,primitivesthatformtexturesandspatialdependenceorinteractionbetweentheprimitives.Ex-tensiveresearchhasbeendoneintextureanalysis,andrefer-ence(Haralick,l979)hasmadeathoroughsurvey.Amongthesetextureanalysismetho…