Determination of the particle load based on detailed suspended sediment measurements at a hydropower plant

Suspended sediment particles contained in inflows of water systems of hydropower plants (HPPs) cause hydro-abrasive erosion of the hydraulic turbines and structures leading to significant maintenance costs, efficiency reductions, and downtime. Relevant parameters such as suspended sediment concentration (SSC), particle size distribution (PSD), shape, and mineralogical composition were measured with an online multi-frequency acoustic instrument and based on manually taken samples from the end of the sand trap of the Toss HPP in the Himalayan region, India. In the laboratory, the samples were analyzed using the gravimetric method, laser diffraction, turbidity, dynamic digital image processing, scanning electron microscope, petrography analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The online instrument and the samples provided measurement results at a single point. To investigate vertical gradients in concentration and particle sizes, additional samples were collected 9 times at 7 relative water depths. The SSC, most particle sizes, and particle shape were found to be evenly distributed over depth except d90, i.e. the diameter which is not exceeded by 90% of the particle mass. d90 measured at 76% of the water depth was in the range of fine sand and was multiplied by 1.05 to obtain an average value representative for the entire depth. Improved methodologies to quantify both particle shape and size in an analytical model for hydro-abrasive erosion are proposed. Also, the PSD measuring performance of laser diffraction and dynamic imaging was studied and similar values of the median particle sizes were obtained from both instruments. Further, multi-frequency acoustic, turbidity and laser diffraction techniques were found suitable for SSC measurement at the test case HPP.     

三峡库区云阳-巫山段坡形因素对滑坡发育的贡献率研究

采用G IS技术对三峡库区云阳-巫山段的滑坡坡形进行量化采集,获得5类坡形模型。利用贡献率法,对坡形与滑坡发育、坡形与地层关系的贡献率分析,得出Ⅳ型坡对滑坡发育的贡献率高;Ⅲ型坡、Ⅴ型坡对滑坡发育的贡献率中等;Ⅱ型坡、Ⅰ型坡对滑坡发育的贡献率低。     

基于线性材料力学模型的海岸岬湾形态特征研究

具有岬湾形态的海岸一般具有良好的稳定性,是海岸侵蚀修复中经常使用的岸线形态,而岬湾形态特征与海岸水动力之间的确切关系还没有形成量化的描述。本研究定义了海岸岬湾形态特征的基本参数,基于历史卫星影像的解译,采用比拟、统计的研究方法,统计了全球240个岬湾的平面形态特征参数,分析得出：（1）岬控比（K）的值介于1.2至1.8之间,平均值为1.41,方差为0.02,标准差为0.16;（2）凸出度（ρ）的值介于0.2至0.51之间,平均值为0.34,方差为0.01,标准差为0.08;（3）根据弧形岸线形态和波浪绕射的不同,将自然海岸岬湾形态分为切线夹曲线型、曲线连切线型和曲线夹切线型3类。采用数值模拟,将线性材料受力变形的过程比拟于岬湾海岸线受水动力作用达到静态平衡过程,以线性材料为媒介,初步探究了岬湾平面形态与波浪之间的关系,对海岸线的预测、修复和保护海岸具有应用前景。     

Structural identification with incomplete output‐only data and independence of measured information for shear‐type systems

Structural identification is the inverse problem of estimating physical parameters of a structural system from its vibration response measurements. Incomplete instrumentation and ambient vibration testing generally result in incomplete and arbitrarily normalized measured modal information, often leading to an ill‐conditioned inverse problem and non‐unique identification results. The identifiability of any parameter set of interest depends on the amount of independent available information. In this paper, we consider the identifiability of the mass and stiffness parameters of shear‐type systems in output‐only situations with incomplete instrumentation. A mode shape expansion‐cum‐mass normalization approach is presented to obtain the complete mass normalized mode shape matrix, starting from the incomplete non‐normalized modes identified using any operational modal analysis technique. An analysis is presented to determine the minimum independent information carried by any given sensor set‐up. This is used to determine the minimum necessary number and location of sensors from the point of view of minimum necessary information for identification. The different theoretical discussions are illustrated using numerical simulations and shake table experiments. It is shown that the proposed identification algorithm is able to obtain reliably accurate physical parameter estimates under the constraints of minimal instrumentation, minimal a priori information, and unmeasured input. The sensor placement rules can be used in experiment design to determine the necessary number and location of sensors on the monitored system. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of pier shape and pier alignment on the equilibrium scour depth at single piers

The equilibrium scour depth at uniform single bridge piers depends on a large number of variables,including the pier horizontal cross-section shape and its alignment angle towards the flow direction.The influence of these variables has been studied by only a few researchers,mostly,on the basis of tests that were far from approaching equilibrium.This experimental study aims at revisiting the influence of piers' shape and alignment on local scouring for length-width ratios smaller than or equal to 4,by increasing the experimental evidence.Fifty five long-duration laboratory tests were run under steady,clear-water flow,close to the threshold for initiation of sediment motion.Five pier shapes were considered:circular,rectangular square-nosed,rectangular round-nosed,oblong,and zero-spacing(packed) pile-groups;the tested skew-angles were 0°,30°,45°,60°,and 90°.It was concluded that i) the shape factor can be taken as 1.0,for rectangular round-nosed and oblong cross-section piers,and as 1.2,for rectangular squarenosed and packed pile-group cross-section piers,ii) the shape factor does not vary significantly with the duration of tests,this way confirming the robustness of the shape factors reported to date,iii) the effect of shape is present at skewed piers although the associated coefficients remain in the narrow range of1.0-1.2,and iv) for length-width ratios smaller than 4,the shape factor is of the same order of magnitude as the skew angle factor and should not be neglected.     

不同纵波速度介质中炸药震源激发数值模拟研究

震源激发是影响地震勘探效果的一个重要因素,在油气勘探中需要选择合适的震源参数以获取较好的地震记录。本文以数值模拟方法为基础,通过使用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件,对单井条件下不同岩土介质中柱状炸药震源激发进行了对比研究,计算得到相应的地震子波。通过对比分析各组参数对应的地震子波振幅和频谱,选择合适的激发参数。研究结果表明,在纵波速度较低的介质中,中低爆速、细长药柱炸药激发产生的地震子波频率高、能量大,而在纵波速度较高的介质中,高爆速、短粗药柱炸药激发产生的地震子波频率高、能量大。该研究结果与实际勘探结果比较符合,可为实际勘探中激发参数的选择提供参考。      

基于等值反磁通原理的浅层瞬变电磁法

基于等值反磁通原理的瞬变电磁法是一种新的探测地下纯二次场的方法.该方法采用上下平行共轴的两个相同线圈通以反向电流作为发射源,且在该双线圈源合成的一次场零磁通平面上,测量对地中心耦合的纯二次场.理论计算和物理实验论证了该方法能够有效消除接收线圈本身的感应电动势,从而获得地下纯二次场的响应.理论推导和数值计算证明了该方法采用的双线圈源比传统瞬变电磁法采用的单线圈源对地中心耦合场能量更集中,因而有利于减少旁侧影响、提高探测的横向分辨率.实测试验表明该方法是浅层探测的一种有效方法.     

任意形状工作面沉陷预测的概率积分法及其应用

概率积分法是煤矿开采沉陷预测的重要方法,可适用于缓倾斜、倾斜煤层开采地表移动分布曲线符合正态分布规律的地表移动和变形计算。针对原方法对任意形状工作面存在的不足,在原有走向和倾向概率积分函数的基础上,以走向和倾向为基准划分积分函数区域,在该区域内剖分非结构化的三角形单元作为二重积分的基本单位;通过坐标旋转变换的二重积分换元法,转化为以直线为上、下限的二重积分,计算旋转后的影响半径,对新的二重积分采用复合辛普森数值积分公式,积分得出地表任意点在基本三角形开采单元下的积分下沉值;最后,通过叠加计算完成任意点、任意形状工作面概率积分法的沉陷预测计算。算法在GIS系统下实现,实例应用效果良好,可为“三下”采煤提供地表移动预测计算的支持。     

焉耆盆地北缘和静逆断裂-褶皱带中晚第四纪变形速率

焉耆盆地为南天山内部的一个山间盆地,盆地北缘发育1排第四纪新生褶皱带,即和静逆断裂-褶皱带。中晚第四纪以来,由于和静逆断裂-褶皱带的持续活动使得在褶皱生长过程中形成的多期洪积地貌面发生反向掀斜变形。利用高精度差分GPS,对褶皱带中部哈尔莫敦背斜区内的多期变形地貌面的地形形态进行了测绘,判定背斜的生长主要以翼旋转为主。利用背斜北翼不同地貌面的反向掀斜角度,分别计算了不同期次地貌面的隆升和缩短变形量。结合原地宇宙成因核素深度剖面法和光释光测年法,对背斜区内的F4,F3b,F2洪积台地面和T1阶地面的形成年龄进行了测定,发现背斜在距今约550ka、428.3+57.6-47.2ka和354.3+34.2-34.8ka不同时段的平均隆升速率从0.31±0.24mm/a下降至0.15±0.02mm/a,同时背斜北翼的翼旋转速度也呈逐渐减小的趋势。但背斜自起始变形开始,缩短速率却大致保持恒定为约0.3mm/a。而这一恒定的缩短速率与现今横跨和静逆断裂-褶皱带所观测的GPS速率具有很好的一致性,说明在天山内部的哈尔莫敦背斜区,短尺度的GPS速率可以代表长尺度的地壳应变速率,同时反映出山体内部一系列断层和褶皱构造在吸收和调节整体变形量时也起到一定的作用。     

3D打印技术在CT领域的应用

作为一种新兴的快速成型技术,3D打印(3D Printing)已经被广泛应用于航空航天、汽车制造和模具加工等众多领域,并正悄然改变着现有的标准化、规模化生产模式,而不断发展的CT技术也已成为临床医学、工业无损检测等领域的一种重要成像手段。3D打印与CT技术在功能上相互补充,两者的结合可以实现扫描、数字化和编辑实体对象,创建精确实体副本或者进行二次设计等功能,能够解决诸如快速制造符合个体特点的定制化植入物、假体和手术导板等难题,在临床医学、逆向工程以及装备检测与维修等领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文首先对3D打印技术进行介绍,结合实例分析3D打印与CT技术结合的技术流程,随后详细探讨了技术流程中的各项关键技术。最后在梳理现有典型应用的基础上,对3D打印与CT技术结合中还存在的不足进行总结,对未来的发展趋势进行展望。