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101.
102.
The loss of beach sand from berm and dune due to high waves and surge is a universal phenomenon associated with sporadic storm activities. To protect the development in a coastal hazard zone, hard structures or coastal setback have been established in many countries around the world. In this paper, the requirement of a storm beach buffer, being a lesser extent landward comparing with the coastal setback to ensure the safety of infrastructures, is numerically assessed using the SBEACH model for three categories of wave conditions in terms of storm return period, median sand grain size, berm width, and design water level. Two of the key outputs from the numerical calculations, berm retreat and bar formation offshore, are then analysed, as well as beach profile change. After having performed a series of numerical studies on selected large wave tank (LWT) test results with monochromatic waves using SBEACH, we may conclude that: (1) Berm erosion increases and submerged bar develops further offshore as the storm return period increases for beach with a specific sand grain size, or as the sand grain reduces on a beach under the action of identical wave condition; (2) Higher storm waves yield a large bar to form quicker and subsequently cause wave breaking on the bar crest, which can reduce the wave energy and limit the extent of the eroding berm; (3) A larger buffer width is required for a beach comprising small sand grain, in order to effectively absorb storm wave energy; and (4) Empirical relationships can be tentatively proposed to estimate the storm beach buffer width, from the input of wave conditions and sediment grain size. These results would benefit a beach nourishment project for shore protection or design of a recreational beach. 相似文献
103.
以辽东湾东部区块出现的极值增水序列为例,考虑热带气旋过程出现频次的影响,采用泊松-最大熵复合极值分布进行了增水统计分析,计算得到辽东湾东部区块的增水重现值.最大100年一遇值为183cm,最大50年一遇值为158cm,皆出现于第1区块.由于受地形的影响,区块1、2与3的增水大小相似,区块4则略小.该结果对辽东湾东部区块... 相似文献
104.
105.
In this investigation, time series consisting of electric field waveforms of 15 positive return strokes and 10 negative return strokes were analyzed. The data came from a summer thunderstorm in March in a range of about 200 km around São José dos Campos, São Paulo. The electric field recording system consisted of a flat plate antenna with a decay time constant of 260 μs and a sample rate of 800,000 samples per second. The bandwidth observed was up to 100 kHz and the recording system was synchronized with GPS time and located at São José dos Campos. Wavelet analysis of the electric field waveforms was done in order to investigate the behavior of the return stroke spectrum in time. The return stroke was suggested to be divided into two portions: initial stage and overshoot (for far return stroke) and initial stage and ramp (for close return stroke). The return stroke power spectrum was observed to be distributed in a frequency range with the peak value also distributed in a fraction of this range. Power peaks for ramps are stronger than power peaks for initial stage and overshoot. Finally, it was observed how powerful the wavelet is in the analysis of lightning. 相似文献
106.
107.
A bivariate pareto model for drought 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Saralees Nadarajah 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2009,23(6):811-822
Univariate Pareto distributions have been so widely used in hydrology. It seems however that bivariate or multivariate Pareto
distributions have not yet found applications in hydrology, especially with respect to drought. In this note, a drought application
is described by assuming a bivariate Pareto model for the joint distribution drought durations and drought severity in the
State of Nebraska. Based on this model, exact distributions are derived for the inter arrival time, magnitude and the proportion
of droughts. Estimates of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 year return periods are derived for the three variables, drought duration,
drought severity and the pairwise combinations: (drought duration, drought severity), (inter arrival time of drought, proportion
of drought) and (drought duration, drought magnitude). These return period estimates could have an important role in hydrology,
for example, with respect to measures of vegetation water stress for plants in water-controlled ecosystems. 相似文献
108.
分别采用模式气压场及模式台风场计算气压分布及风速分布,采用地形拟合的sigma坐标水动力方程组及紊流方程建立了潮流、风暴潮耦合模型。三维水动力方程组通过分裂算子法与Casulli半隐式差分格式直接求解。在珠江口的极值流速计算中,先进行了南海北部的潮流、风暴潮耦合模拟,模拟水位与实测值符合较好。以六区域模拟结果为边界,采用嵌套网格方法,在珠江口进行了高分辨率的潮流、风暴潮耦合模拟。选用1968~1999年共65个影响工程区域的台风过程,计算出珠江口的海域年极值流速序列,分析了该海域多年一遇的极值流速分布。 相似文献
109.
应用1954—2003年甘肃省沙尘暴发生时间、站次资料和500 hPa NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了春季候区域性沙尘暴的特征。选择影响甘肃省春季天气的500 hPa七个关键区,通过周期分析发现,这些关键区有30候左右的周期可以通过0.01的信度检验,表明500 hPa侯形势场在一定范围内的确存在30候(150 d)左右显著周期。给出春季区域性沙尘暴发生的典型场,计算它与历年10~12月逐候500 hPa距平场的相似系数,结果表明:准150 d韵律方法预测沙尘暴的历史概括率在71.5%~76.4%之间,最高概括率可达87.5%,最低也有60.0%,漏报率为19.8%~26.0%。尽管如此,可以认为该方法对甘肃省区域性沙尘暴,尤其对典型形势场所对应的沙尘暴天气过程有较高的预测能力。最后给出典型年前期500 hPa要素场的特征。 相似文献
110.
Gerald Spreitzhofer 《Natural Hazards》2000,21(1):35-53
Based on the daily fresh-snowrecordings of a set of 81 stations of the AustrianHydrographic Service, covering a 19-year period,various aspects of extraordinarily long-lasting severesnowfalls are investigated. Starting from an exactdefinition of periods of Heavy Snowfall Events (HSE),some of the discussed items include the annual andseasonal frequencies of intense snowfall episodes, thelocation and migration paths of the storm centers andthe volume of snow dropped by the individual storms.Another part of the study, designed to visualize thebig variability of snow-related parameters over Alpineterrain, determines for all involved sites maximalobserved and theoretical extreme fresh-snowaccumulations for periods of variable length. Heavythree-day snowfall events are analyzed with specialregard of the resulting avalanche threat. 相似文献