Bacterial communities fluctuate in abundance and diversity under simulated oil-contaminated seawater conditions

Marine bacteria have recently been identified as a potent solution for petroleum hydrocarbon degradation in response to hazardous oceanic oil spills. In this study, a mesocosm experiment simulating a petroleum spill event was performed to investigate changes in the abundance, structure, and productivity of bacterial communities in response to oil pollution. Cultured heterotrophic bacteria and total bacteria showed a consistent trend involving an immediate decrease in abundance, followed by a slight increase, and a steady low-level thereafter. However, the changing trend of bacterial productivity based on bacterial biomass and bacterial volume showed the opposite trend. In addition, the density of oil-degrading bacteria increased initially, then subsequently declined. The change in the bacterial community structure at day 0 and day 28 were also analyzed by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), which indicated that the species diversity of the bacterial community changed greatly after oil pollution. Alphaproteobacteria (40.98%) replaced Epsilonproteobacteria (51.10%) as the most abundant class, and Gammaproteobacteria (38.80%) became the second most dominant class in the whole bacterial community. The bacterial communities in oil-contaminated seawater (32 genera) became much more complex than those found in the natural seawater sample (16 genera). The proportion of petroleum-degrading bacteria in the oil-contaminated seawater also increased. In this study, culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches were combined to elucidate changes in both bacterial productivity and community structure. These findings will contribute to a better understanding of the role that bacteria play in material cycling and degradation in response to oil pollution.     

水资源约束下的张掖绿洲城镇发展模式初步研究

水资源是绿洲城镇存在和发展的重要约束因子,它影响到绿洲城镇的产业结构、空间格局、规模等级及生态环境。张掖绿洲城镇水资源紧缺,利用结构不合理,经济效益低下。选择合理的绿洲城镇发展模式,可使水资源的持续利用和绿洲城镇的快速发展达到良性循环。本文以提高水资源经济效益和绿洲城镇健康发展为模式选择的约束条件,提出了节水防污型城镇模式、商贸枢纽型城镇模式、特色农业型城镇模式及生态型城镇模式。     

Application of restriction site amplified polymorphism (RSAP) to genetic diversity in Saccharina japonica

Restriction site amplified polymorphism (RSAP) was used, for the first time, to analyze the genetic structure and diversity of four, mainly cultivated, varieties of the brown alga, Saccharina japonica. Eighty-eight samples from varieties "Rongfu", "Fujian", "Ailunwan" and "Shengchanzhong" were used for the genetic analyses. One hundred and ninety-eight bands were obtained using eight combinations of primers. One hundred and ninety-one (96.46%) were polymorphic bands. Nei’s genetic diversity was 0.360, and the coefficient of genetic differentiation was 0.357. No inbreeding-type recession was found in the four brown alga varieties and the results of the "Ailunwan" variety using samples from 2 years showed that the variety was becoming less diverse during the selection inherent in the breeding program. Genetic diversity and cluster analyses results were consistent with these genetic relationships. The results show the RSAP method is suitable for genetic analysis. Continuous inbreeding and selection could reduce the genetic diversity effectively; therefore periodical supervision is required.     

多目标约束遗传算法在地质样品相态分析中的应用

多目标约束遗传算法 (MGA)用于地质样品相态分析 ,建立了相态浓度、浸取率常数及各相态浸取总量的数学定量关系。选择出铁的 5种相态的浸取剂和最佳浸取条件并确定出浸取率常数。讨论了多目标约束遗传算法的参数对计算速度及相态分析结果的影响 ,验证了方法的准确度 (|RE|<1 3 .75 % )和精密度 (各相平均RSD =4% ) ,建立了一种简便、快速、准确的地质样品相态分析的方法。     

完善内部会计控制的思考

内部会计控制是企业生产经营的内在机制,在企业管理系统中具有举足轻重的作用。目前人们对内部会计控制的认识还远未取得共识,尽管政府有关部门已制定相应的规范,但在推行过程中仍存在不少问题。主要体现为：内部会计控制的重要性认识不足、偏重事后控制轻预防、内部会计控制系统流于形式、已有的会计控制系统缺乏科学性系统性、内部会计控制系统监督,检查乏力等。本文拟就内部会计控制推行过程中存在的问题作探讨,并提出了改进建议。     

Additions to the echinoid fauna of New Zealand

Seven species of echinoids are added to the New Zealand fauna, two being described as new species of the genera Caenopedina and Spatangus Described species, new to the fauna, are Gracilechinus multidentatus (H. L. Clark), Pourtalesia laguncula A. Agassiz, Hemiaster expergitus gibbosus A. Agassiz, and Gymnopatagus magnus A. Agassiz and H. L. Clark. Fragments of Spatangus, possibly hybrid S. thor Fell, and fragments of Echinocardium, almost certainly not E. cordatum (Pennant), are also described.     

The “easy restriction” syndrome drive local fish stocks to extinction: The case of the management of Swedish coastal populations

Spatially sensitive management built on detailed biological and socio-economic knowledge is required to establish sound fishing regulations and to avoid extinction of small coastal populations of fish and shellfish. Highly productive isolated populations of several commercial species have historically inhabited the Swedish west coast, but during the past century these populations have been depleted by fisheries and with no sign of recovery. Since 1999 several fisheries regulations and different stakeholder co-management initiatives have flourished along the Swedish coast of the Skagerrak. They aimed to facilitate the recovery of collapsed local stocks but the established regulations failed to identify and restrict the main sources of mortality acting on local stocks and they have thus been ineffective to promote the recovery. Furthermore, regulations have operated on the weakest among stakeholders (e.g.. recreational fishers), which have minor influence over management, and the restrictions have been imposed without providing any data which supported the choice (i.e. the “easy restriction” syndrome). In line with the general “spirit” of recent Swedish fishery management, we conclude that managers, without the disapproval of Swedish scientists, have circumvented limitations which should address the largest mortality factor, i.e. the commercial fishery. The regulations presently in place, have been politically uncontroversial and easy to implement, but have been highly unsuccessful. We therefore suggest that stakeholders, including politicians, should start focusing on more effective and science-based management and less on what is politically attractive if Swedish citizens shall have a chance to witness the recovery of their once flourishing coastal populations.     

ECONOMIC APPROACH FOR CONTROL AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION IN CHINA

1 IN T R O D U C T IO NM ostofthepastw aterm anagem enthasfocused on pointsource pollution,w ith less attention to nonpointsourcepollution.A fterpointsourcesofpollution have been al-ready heavily controlled, nonpoint source pollution(N PSP) has becom e th…     

广角伽氏无焦系统的筒长扩展技术

伽氏无焦系统的筒长与视场之间存在反比律关系。本文提出一种以多元法和倍乘法为理论基础的筒长扩展技术,以满足广角条件下获得适用的筒长,并阐述抑制畸变和保证一定出瞳距对物镜与负目镜的结构限约,及其象差的平衡方式。     

Comparative salinity tolerances of four siphonariid limpets in relation to habitat restriction of the rare and endangered Siphonaria compressa

The salinity tolerances of four South African species of limpet in the genus Siphonaria were experimentally tested, in the context that one of them, S. compressa, is South Africa's most endangered marine mollusc and is restricted to two lagoonal localities that normally experience little variation in salinity. Its habitat is additionally restricted in that it occurs only on the eelgrass Zostera capensis. The other three species, S. capensis, S. concinna and S. serrata, are abundant and widespread on temperate rocky shores. We hypothesised that S. compressa would have limited tolerance to low salinities, contributing to its absence from otherwise suitable estuaries that experience regular fluctuations of salinity. The percentage survival of the limpets was recorded in salinities ranging from 2 to 35 over that period. Both salinity and species significantly affected the survival of the limpets over the 96 hours. Survival was highest in salinities close to those of normal seawater, and greatly reduced in the hypo saline waters. S. compressa had the lowest salinity tolerance of the four species, its time-to-50% mortality in hyposaline waters being significantly less than that for the other three species, which differed in a manner that could be correlated with their zonation patterns. Restriction to eelgrass, coupled with low salinity tolerance, probably explains why S. compressa is found at only two localities, both of which normally experience salinities close to that of seawater. Even there, mass mortalities of S. compressa have been recorded in association with die-backs of eelgrass after abnormal freshwater flooding or sedimentation—further emphasising the vulnerability of S. compressa to extinction.