Monitoring disasters with a constellation of satellites – type examples from the International Charter ‘Space and Major Disasters’

In the case of a major disaster, information derived from satellite observation is not only highly useful, it may at times be indispensable because of the damage caused by the disaster to ground infrastructure. The International Charter ‘Space and Major Disasters’ (‘the Charter’) has been one of the primary sources of satellite data for the past 11 years to cover events like floods, fires, tsunamis, ocean storms, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and oil spills. With the growing membership of the Charter, an increasingly large number of sensors are now available, which can be planned with the required temporal frequency and spectral range to cover a disaster event. Some of the type Charter activation cases are reported in this article to demonstrate the innovative use of multi-satellite imagery for disaster response.     

中国庐山晚第四纪沉积岩系的石英形貌显微结构及环境过程

基于庐山山地晚第四纪地层典型断面的系统调查,从地层剖面层序中筛选的微粒(θ=1～3mm)石英颗粒进行环境电子显微镜观测研究,辨认出显微结构-颗粒形态-变形构造-动力化学作用等特征,运用系统过程发展中的节点事件进行层型剖面的环境响应分析,采取综合指标表征地球表层过程及环境响应情景,明确划分出四个古气候环境发展阶段,由下往上分别表现为冰期环境-间冰期环境-冰缘环境-冰后期环境,为深入研究及科学认识庐山第四纪环境演化过程及全球变化提供了新的基础依据。     

压力分散型锚索与拉力集中型锚索抗振性能研究

京石客运专线石家庄明挖隧道工程与既有京广铁路线近距离并行长达5 km,为了摸清列车动载对桩锚支护结构的影响,以及不同锚固形式对动载的响应特点,特在该隧道设立压力分散型锚索试验段,与现场普遍采用的拉力集中型锚索锚固段相对照,进行长期应力、应变量测。在此基础上,对实测数据进行了系统的整理和分析,对比了压力分散型锚索与拉力集中型锚索在应对动载方面的不同特性。研究表明,压力分散型锚索的抗振性能是拉力集中型锚索的5倍,而且具有应力调整时间短、长期抗振性能稳定,预应力损失幅度小、比例低的优点。     

长江中下游地区1∶20万金元素不同尺度数据的地球化学特征响应

通过对长江中下游地区1∶20万金元素不同尺度数据的地球化学特征响应的研究,认为长江中下游存在地球化学巨省,这个地球化学巨省为长江中下游地区提供源源不断的矿源。同时,讨论了低密度地球化学方法能够用于全国或全球地球化学填图的可行性。     

水平定向钻进管道敷设地层响应实验分析

在应用水平定向钻进非开挖技术进行近地表管道敷设时,由于上覆地层厚度(C)、钻孔直径(D)和钻井液压力(p)三者无法准确设计,往往会导致地表的变形,进而形成裂缝通道致使地表发生钻井液的溢流.分析了非黏聚力地层的溢流通道形式,同时推导了极限钻井液压力的计算公式.结合室内外实验及应用情况,得出了实测钻井液压力和计算钻井液压力同C/D值的变化规律,即C/D越大,极限钻井液的压力值也就越高.在同一地层中,一般钻井液压力的峰值出现在水平孔段的中间位置.根据C/D值,在保证钻井液不发生溢流的情况下,得出了不同水平孔径范围所对应的上覆地层最小厚度.     

省级应急管理地理信息平台及实现技术研究——以重庆市为例

加强应急管理、有效应对突发事件是国家的一项重要工作,以地理空间信息技术为核心的应急管理地理信息平台建设,已成为目前国内省级应急平台建设的主要模式。本研究建立了应急联动一张图和地理信息应急服务总线,对省级应急资源多源、异构、动态、多时相信息整合技术难题进行探索,实现了地理信息服务与全市各级应急系统的业务融合。目前,研究成果已融入重庆市应急信息资源共享体系,在多个部门的应急业务系统中得到有效的集成应用,为形成全市应急资源全方面共享格局发挥了重要作用。     

The high‐frequency limit of usable response spectral ordinates from filtered analogue and digital strong‐motion accelerograms

The range of response frequencies for which spectral ordinates obtained from accelerograms may be considered reliable is limited by several factors, primary among them being the effects of filters that are routinely applied to remove noise from the records. Considerable attention has been focused on the low‐frequency limit of the usable spectral ordinates because of various engineering applications requiring long‐period spectral accelerations or displacements but only recently have rational approaches to selecting the high‐frequency limit been proposed. Since there are applications for which the high‐frequency spectral ordinates are important, the approaches to this issue presented in the recent studies are reviewed and their application to the ground‐motion database from Europe and the Middle East is explored. On the basis of the results of these analyses, it is concluded that a large proportion of this dataset can be used to provide reliable estimates of response spectral ordinates at much shorter periods than may have previously been considered feasible. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

System identification of a building from multiple seismic records

This paper describes the identification of finite dimensional, linear, time‐invariant models of a 4‐story building in the state space representation using multiple data sets of earthquake response. The building, instrumented with 31 accelerometers, is located on the University of California, Irvine campus. Multiple data sets, recorded during the 2005 Yucaipa, 2005 San Clemente, 2008 Chino Hills and 2009 Inglewood earthquakes, are used for identification and validation. Considering the response of the building as the output and the ground motion as the input, the state space models that represent the underlying dynamics of the building in the discrete‐time domain corresponding to each data set are identified. The time‐domain Eigensystem Realization Algorithm with the Observer/Kalman filter identification procedure are adopted in this paper, and the modal parameters of the identified models are consistently determined by constructing stabilization diagrams. The four state space models identified demonstrate that the response of the building is amplitude dependent with the response frequency and damping, being dependent on the magnitude of ground excitation. The practical application of this finding is that the consistency of this building response to future earthquakes can be quickly assessed, within the range of ground excitations considered (0.005g–0.074g), for consistency with prior response—this assessment of consistent response is discussed and demonstrated with reference to the four earthquake events considered in this study. Inclusion of data sets relating to future earthquakes will enable the findings to be extended to a wider range of ground excitation magnitudes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bi‐directional coupled tuned mass dampers for the seismic response control of two‐way asymmetric‐plan buildings

This paper proposes bi‐directional coupled tuned mass dampers (BiCTMDs) for the seismic response control of two‐way asymmetric‐plan buildings subjected to bi‐directional ground motions. The proposed BiCTMD was developed from the three‐degree‐of‐freedom modal system, which represents the vibration mode of a two‐way asymmetric‐plan building. The performance of the proposed BiCTMD for the seismic response control of elastic two‐way asymmetric‐plan buildings was verified by investigating the reductions of the amplitudes of the associated frequency response functions. In addition, the investigation showed that the proposed BiCTMD is effective in reducing the seismic damage of inelastic asymmetric‐plan buildings. Therefore, the BiCTMD is an effective approach for the seismic response control of both elastic and inelastic two‐way asymmetric‐plan buildings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

四川及邻区抗倒塌地震区划图编制

通过数字试验,分析了不同编图方法对地震区划结果的影响.基于四川及邻区的地震地质环境、地震活动特征,K2值特征,△Tg分布特征,考虑到地震区划图的继承性和连续性以及与我国现行抗震设计规范的衔接,提出了抗倒塌地震区划图编制的编制原则和方法,编制了四川及邻区的抗倒塌地震区划图.