井孔水温对远场巨震同震响应及其机制的数模研究

热量的流动必然伴随着温度的改变,地震活动期间的井孔水温同震响应也服从热力学的基本规律。本文以汶川8.0级地震和日本福岛9.0级地震为例,以海口ZK26井水温同震响应的观测数据为基础,运用热力学传导方程的数值模拟方法,研究了同震响应过程中井孔水温度变化与热量传导之间的关系及相关的热力学机制问题。通过正演的方法,得出沿井深方向不同时刻水温同震响应变化的数值模拟曲线,水温数值模拟曲线与实际测量数据一致。研究结果表明,井孔中水温同震响应方式（上升、下降或不变）,与水温传感器的位置、热源的位置和分布、传感器与热源之间的相对空间等因素有关。     

Heterogeneity influences on stream water–groundwater interactions in a gravel-dominated floodplain

ABSTRACT

Floodplains are composed of complex depositional patterns of ancient and recent stream sediments, and research is needed to address the manner in which coarse floodplain materials affect stream–groundwater exchange patterns. Efforts to understand the heterogeneity of aquifers have utilized numerous techniques typically focused on point-scale measurements; however, in highly heterogeneous settings, the ability to model heterogeneity is dependent on the data density and spatial distribution. The objective of this research was to investigate the correlation between broad-scale methodologies for detecting heterogeneity and the observed spatial variability in stream/groundwater interactions of gravel-dominated alluvial floodplains. More specifically, this study examined the correlation between electrical resistivity (ER) and alluvial groundwater patterns during a flood event at a site on Barren Fork Creek, in the Ozark ecoregion of Oklahoma, USA, where chert gravels were common both as streambed and as floodplain material. Water table elevations from groundwater monitoring wells for a flood event on 1–5 May 2009 were compared to ER maps at various elevations. Areas with high ER matched areas with lower water table slope at the same elevation. This research demonstrated that ER approaches were capable of indicating heterogeneity in surface water–groundwater interactions, and that these heterogeneities were present even in an aquifer matrix characterized as highly conductive. Portions of gravel-dominated floodplain vadose zones characterized by high hydraulic conductivity features can result in heterogeneous flow patterns when the vadose zone of alluvial floodplains activates during storm events.

EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis; ASSOCIATE EDITOR X. Chen     

余震信息在岷县漳县6.6级地震震后应急救援重灾区快速判定时作用探讨

利用震后可以快速获取的余震信息,迅快速判定出地震重灾区的范围,为震后快速应急救援提供决策服务是十分重要的。本文利用甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震后12小时余震分布,以1小时为单位,分时段绘制余震空间分布图,结合居民点的空间分布、发震断层走向和地形地貌条件,与实际考察得到的烈度图进行比较,初步得出以下认识:震后3小时左右余震分布集中的区域可能是破坏最严重的地区;沿余震展布方向需要考虑震区地形地貌和降雨等次生灾害因素所引起的破坏;由余震分布范围来确定重灾区时,长轴方向需要参考发震断层的走向进行调整;依据震区居民点分布密度调整重灾区位置;考虑各种致灾因素的影响,综合判定重灾区的范围。     

近断层地震动作用下LRB隔震储罐地震反应特征研究

采用Bouc-Wen模型模拟铅芯橡胶支座(LRB)非线性力学性能,建立LRB基础隔震储罐地震反应的数值模型.利用叠加原理得到人工合成近断层脉冲型地震动,从实际典型近断层地震动和人工近断层脉冲地震动输入两个角度出发,以远场地震反应为参照,系统探讨了近断层地震动作用下LRB隔震储罐地震反应特点以及近断层地震动运动特征的影响规律.研究发现,近断层地震动作用下LRB隔震储罐地震反应明显大于远场地震反应值,显著的近断层脉冲效应是隔震储罐设计不容忽视的问题.近断层地震动的PGV/PGA值是决定隔震储罐地震反应的综合指标,PGV/PGA值较大时,隔震储罐地震反应脉冲效应突出.另外,脉冲周期、脉冲参与系数以及脉冲类型也是影响LRB隔震储罐地震反应的重要因素.在脉冲参与系数越大、含有脉冲数量越多的近断层地震动作用下,隔震储罐地震反应越强烈.当脉冲周期接近储罐晃动周期时,晃动波高会出现峰值.     

利用Terra和Aqua卫星地表温度探索汶川地震同震热响应

如何从卫星热红外遥感影像中提取出可靠的、能够验证的、与构造活动有关的热信息,是利用热红外信息研究构造现今活动亟待完善的问题之一.从信息提取的角度看,地震前后所对应的物理变化最为强烈,同震热响应可能是利用热信息探索现今构造活动潜在的突破点.本文以MODIS/Terra和MODIS/Aqua两颗卫星的地表温度为基础,探索汶川地震同震热响应.首先,去除了由地形等静态因素和太阳年周期组成的稳定背景;其次,去除大气环流的影响,获得由本地因素产生的原地温度场.最后,在原地温度场中,发现了汶川地震的同震温度响应.经过检验,上述温度响应的空间展布形态与发震断层的活动方式产生的力学效应吻合.从应力变化与温度响应的关系看,本文相当于借助热信息获得了汶川地震同震拉张或卸载区的空间展布情况.     

Quantifying the impact of urban area expansion on groundwater recharge and surface runoff

ABSTRACT

In this surface water modelling study, a new spatial evaluation for assessing the impact of urbanization was applied for the semi-arid watersheds intersecting with the Gaza coastal aquifer. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated in a semi-automated approach for streamflow in the main watersheds. The results show that the model could simulate water budget components adequately within the complex semi-arid watersheds. Linear relationships between the change in urban area and the corresponding change in surface runoff or percolation were concluded for the urbanized sub-basins. The urban-surface runoff index (USI) and the urban-percolation index (UPI) were developed to represent a micro-level evaluation of different urban change scenarios in the sub-basins. The global urban-surface runoff index (GUSI) and the global urban-percolation index (GUPI) were derived as macro-level factors reflecting the influence on the overall Gaza coastal aquifer due to urban area expansion.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis Associate editor E. Rozos     

Temporal variability in hydrological response within a small catchment with badland areas,central Pyrenees

Abstract

The lower Araguás catchment, central Pyrenees, is characterized by extensive badlands (25% of the total catchment), whereas the upper catchment is covered by dense plantation forest. The catchment (45 ha) has been monitored since October 2005 with the aim of studying its hydrological response. The 44 floods recorded over this period were analysed to identify the factors that control the rainfall—runoff relationship. The first relevant feature of the catchment was its responsiveness. The catchment reacted to all rainfall events, but the irregular nature of the hydrological response was the most characteristic feature of the response. No single variable could explain the response of the Araguás catchment. It was found that stormflow coefficients mainly depend on the combination of rainfall volume and antecedent baseflow. A significant correlation was observed between maximum rainfall intensity and peak flow values. The shapes of the different hydrographs are very similar, regardless of the peak flow magnitude; they show a short time lag, relatively narrow peak flow, and steep recession limb. This indicates a large contribution by overland flow, resulting mainly from the generation of infiltration excess runoff in badland areas.     

On natural and laboratory generated dose response curves for quartz of different grain sizes from Romanian loess

One of the most important foundations of luminescence dating is the assumption that the growth of the luminescence signal in nature can be reproduced under laboratory conditions by performing irradiations with a calibrated beta or gamma source. When optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of quartz with a dominant fast component is measured using the single aliquot regenerative dose (SAR) protocol, laboratory dose response curves that display continuing growth at high doses are increasingly reported in literature. In this study we investigate fine (4–11 μm) and coarse (63–90 μm) quartz extracted from 25 samples taken from L1, S1 and L2 units from the loess-palaeosol section at Costineşti in Romania. Our results indicate that the growth of the OSL signal in nature does not correspond to the laboratory generated laboratory dose response curve. The growth of the signal in nature is consistent with a single saturating exponential function, with the signal of coarse grains starting to saturate at 100–200 Gy, and for fine grains at 200–300 Gy, respectively. Laboratory dose response curves continue to grow for high doses (>300 Gy) for both quartz fractions. The differences observed between the natural and the laboratory dose response for the two quartz fractions are believed to be a cause for the different chronologies previously reported using the two grain sizes of quartz on Romanian loess. In addition, we have applied the single aliquot regeneration and added dose (SARA) procedure to both fine and coarse grains from the youngest sample. Our findings question the reliability of obtaining high equivalent doses for quartz samples displaying laboratory dose response curves obtained by the SAR protocol for which a single saturating exponential model does not describe the data.     

Autumn NDVI contributes more and more to vegetation improvement in the growing season across the Tibetan Plateau

ABSTRACT

Detecting changes in vegetation, distinguishing the persistence of changes, and seeking their causes during multiple periods are important to gaining a deeper understanding of vegetation dynamics. Using the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) version NDVI_3g dataset in the Tibetan Plateau, the trends in the seasonal components of NDVI and their linkage with climatic factors were analyzed over 14 asymptotic periods of 18–31 years since 1982. Dynamic trends in vegetation experienced an obvious increase at regional scale, but the increases of vegetation activity mostly tended to stall or slow down as the studied time period was extended. At pixel scale, areas with significant browning significantly expanded over 14 periods for all seasons, but for significant greening significantly increased only in autumn. The changes of vegetation activity in spring were the most drastic among three seasons. Increased increments of NDVI in summer, spring, and autumn took turns being the main reason for the enhanced vegetation activity in the growing season in the nested 14 periods. Vegetation activity was mainly regulated by a thermal factor, and the dominant climatic drivers of vegetation growth varied across different seasons and regions. We speculate that the increase of NDVI will continue but the increments will decline in all seasons except autumn.     

Intermediate disturbance and patterns of species richness

Abstract

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) predicts highest species diversity in environments experiencing intermediate intensity disturbance, after an intermediate timespan. Because many landscapes comprise mosaics with complex disturbance histories, the theory implies that each patch in those mosaics should have a distinct level of diversity reflecting the magnitude of disturbance and the time since it occurred. We model changing patterns of species richness across a landscape experiencing varied scenarios of simulated disturbance in order to predict first the variation of richness through time in individual patches, based on their disturbance histories, and then the changing patterns of richness across the landscape through time, representing the cumulative impact of changing richness within the individual patches. Model outputs show that individual landscape patches have highly variable species richness through time, with the trajectory reflecting the timing, intensity and sequence of disturbances. When the results are mapped across the landscape, the resulting temporal and spatial complexity reveals a distribution of biodiversity that is strikingly contingent on the details of disturbance history. These results illustrate the danger of generalization (in either data interpretation or management decisions), as IDH actually imposes a highly variable pattern of diversity.