Assimilation of Hourly Surface Observations with the Canadian High-Resolution Ensemble Kalman Filter

An hourly-cycling ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) working at 2.5?km horizontal grid spacing is implemented over southern Ontario (Canada) to assimilate Meteorological Terminal Aviation Routine Weather Reports (METARs) in addition to the observations assimilated operationally at the Canadian Meteorological Centre. This high-resolution EnKF (HREnKF) system employs ensemble land analyses and perturbed roughness length to prevent an ensemble spread that is too small near the surface. The HREnKF then performs continuously for a four-day period, from which twelve-hour ensemble forecasts are launched every six hours. The impact on analyses and short-term forecasts of assimilating METAR data is given special attention.

It is shown that using ensemble land surface analyses increases near-surface ensemble spreads for temperature and specific humidity. Perturbing roughness length enlarges the spread for surface wind. Given sufficient ensemble spread, the four-day case study shows that the near-surface model state is brought closer to surface observations during the cycling process. The impact of assimilating surface data can also be seen at higher levels by using aircraft reports for verification. The ensemble forecast verification suggests that METAR data assimilation improves ensemble forecasts of air temperature and dewpoint near the surface up to a lead time of six hours or even longer. However, only minor improvement is found in surface wind forecasts.     

新一代陆用MT观测系统

大地电磁法( MT)是地球深部探测的有效物探手段之一,也是当今地球物理工作者的研究热点。要实现MT探测,用于野外观测的仪器系统是基础,要求观测系统具有高可靠、高精度、多台同步、轻便等特点。通过集成嵌入式计算机、DTCXO、24位ADC、锂电池组等部件研制了采集主机,动态范围达119 dB(fs=2400 Hz),功耗约1600 mW,并配备了轻便的低噪声感应式磁传感器、低漂移电场传感器以及用于野外仪器自检的自检盒,在提高了仪器可靠性的同时也提高了野外数据采集质量和野外施工效率。多次室内及野外试验验证了本观测系统的可靠性、低功耗、轻便性及易用性,可满足陆地MT勘探施工的要求。     

High‐resolution reconstruction of a coastal barrier system: impact of Holocene sea‐level change

This study presents a detailed reconstruction of the sedimentary effects of Holocene sea‐level rise on a modern coastal barrier system. Increasing concern over the evolution of coastal barrier systems due to future accelerated rates of sea‐level rise calls for a better understanding of coastal barrier response to sea‐level changes. The complex evolution and sequence stratigraphic framework of the investigated coastal barrier system is reconstructed using facies analysis, high‐resolution optically stimulated luminescence and radiocarbon dating. During the formation of the coastal barrier system starting 8 to 7 ka rapid relative sea‐level rise outpaced sediment accumulation. Not before rates of relative sea‐level rise had decreased to ca 2 mm yr^?1 did sediment accumulation outpace sea‐level rise. From ca 5·5 ka, rates of regionally averaged sediment accumulation increased to 4·3 mm yr^?1 and the back‐barrier basin was filled in. This increase in sediment accumulation resulted from retreat of the barrier island and probably also due to formation of a tidal inlet close to the study area. Continued transgression and shoreface retreat created a distinct hiatus and wave ravinement surface in the seaward part of the coastal barrier system before the barrier shoreline stabilized between 5·0 ka and 4·5 ka. Back‐barrier shoreline erosion due to sediment starvation in the back‐barrier basin was pronounced from 4·5 to 2·5 ka but, in the last 2·5 kyr, barrier sedimentation has kept up with and outpaced sea‐level. In the last 0·4 kyr the coastal barrier system has been prograding episodically. Sediment accumulation shows considerable variation, with periods of rapid sediment deposition and periods of non‐deposition or erosion resulting in a highly punctuated sediment record. The study demonstrates how core‐based facies interpretations supported by a high‐resolution chronology and a well‐documented sea‐level history allow identification of depositional environments, erosion surfaces and hiatuses within a very homogeneous stratigraphy, and allow a detailed temporal reconstruction of a coastal barrier system in relation to sea‐level rise and sediment supply.     

高分辨率地震成像研究--21世纪地震学发展的一个重要趋势

随着宽频带地震观测技术的不断发展,全球及区域数字地震观测台网的密度正在不断加大,用于流动地震观测的宽频带地震仪的数量将继续迅速增加。与此同时,宽频带数字地震观测资料的积累速率按指数增长,这意味着震源波裂过程及地球内部结构的高分辨率地震成像研究将成为２１世纪地震学发展的重要趋势。地震学与地球动力学研究的关系将日趋紧密,宽频带流动地震观测的作用和重要性必将与日俱增。     

基于单能窄束伽马射线算法计算高分辨率屏蔽自然伽马探测器的三维测井响应

本文应用单能窄束伽马射线理论建立高分辨率屏蔽自然伽马探测器三维测井响应的数值模拟算法.首先利用单能窄束原理,用稳态扩散方程描述伽马光子密度的空间分布,根据扩散方程基本解、放射源空间分布、探测器位置和屏蔽情况,将屏蔽探测器上的总伽马通量表示成放射性地层中的有效探测区域上的体积分和晶体表面上有效接收面的面积分形式.并根据伽马射线传播路径和探测器屏蔽情况,给出有效探测区域的解析表达式,通过数值积分法计算任意复杂情况下探测器上的自然伽马通量,获得伽马测井响应的3D数值模拟算法.并通过数值模拟结果与模型井数据的对比验证了该算法的有效性.最后通过3D数值模拟算法系统研究考察晶体形状（圆柱形晶体、方形晶体）、晶体长度、仪器在井轴中的位置（居中屏蔽探测器、贴井壁屏蔽探测器）、以及测速等不同情况下自然伽马测井响应,设计出新型高分辨率自然伽马测井仪器.     

A method for absorption compensation based on adaptive molecular decomposition

In this paper, we present a new method for seismic stratigraphic absorption compensation based on the adaptive molecular decomposition. Using this method, we can remove most of the effects resulting from wavelets truncation and interference which usually exist in the common time-frequency absorption compensation method. Based on the assumption that the amplitude spectrum of the source wavelet is smooth, we first construct a set of adaptive Gabor frames based on the time-variant properties of the seismic signal to transform the signal into the time-frequency domain and then extract the slowly varying component (the wavelet’s time-varying amplitude spectrum) in each window in the time-frequency domain. Then we invert the absorption compensation filter parameters with an objective function defined using the correlation coefficients in each window to get the corresponding compensation filters. Finally, we use these filters to compensate the time-frequency spectrum in each window and then transform the time-frequency spectrum to the time domain to obtain the absorption-compensated signal. By using adaptive molecular decomposition, this method can adapt to isolated and overlapped seismic signals from the complex layers in the inhomogeneous viscoelastic medium. The viability of the method is verified by synthetic and real data sets.     

不同线对卡测试CT空间分辨率差异探讨

空间分辨率是描述工业CT系统性能的重要指标,目前测试方法有线对卡法和圆盘法,而线对卡没有统一的制作标准,常用的有条卡、圆孔形和方孔形等。本文通过理论分析和实验确定这些不同线对卡测试CT空间分辨率的结果差异及产生原因。     

TOPMODEL模型的空间尺度分析

以东江流域的岳城、胜前、东坑、蓝塘和九州五个子流域为例,应用前四个子流域分析DEM分辨率和流域大小对地形指数和TOPMODEL模型模拟结果的影响,探讨TOPMODEL模型对DEM分辨率的依赖性.结果表明:DEM分辨率对地形指数有着显著的影响,且径流模拟精度依赖于DEM空间分辨率,随着DEM空间分辨率的降低模拟得到的确定性系数逐渐减小.为了克服TOPMODEL模型难以考虑降雨空间分布不均对径流过程的影响,建立基于子流域的TOPMODEL模型,将基于子流域的TOPMODEL模型和整个流域的TOPMODEL模型应用九州子流域进行模拟比较,发现基于子流域的TOPMODEL模型能够得到精度更好的模拟效果,而且可以得到不同子流域对流域出口流量过程的贡献度,进而能够分析不同降雨情况下的流域出口洪水过程.     

基于广义S变换的地层吸收补偿

广义S变换是一种新的非平稳信号时频分析方法。广义S变换的反变换与傅立叶变换有直接的联系,是无损变换;线性变换保证其不存在交叉项;时频分辨率与信号的频率有关;基本小波不必满足容许性条件;尺度性质使得广义S变换有很好的频率聚集能力。基于广义S变换的特点和优势,进行地层吸收补偿。通过对实际二维叠后地震数据进行地层吸收补偿处理,结果表明,提高了地震反射层的分辨率,改善了地震资料的品质,而且无需知道地层的Q值。     

一种新的卫星热红外遥感信息数据源:EOS/MODIS数据

概略介绍了四川省地震局近年来所开展的卫星遥感热红外辐射信息用于地震监测预报的研究工作及其进展；对目前地震系统卫星遥感热红外辐射信息研究工作所使用的数据源进行了比较；着重介绍了一种新的卫星热红外遥感信息数据源——搭载于美国地球观测系统(EOS)的Terra和Aqua极轨卫星上的中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)这一唯一进行直接广播的对地观测仪器的基本参数及数据特性。对MODIS数据与目前正在使用的AVHRR数据进行对比分析后认为，EOS／MODIS数据的产生，将进一步推动利用卫星热红外辐射资料研究强震前的热异常场的工作，并可望在我国地震监测预报实践中得到应用。