Enzymatic and cellular responses in relation to body burden of PAHs in bivalve molluscs: A case study with chronic levels of North Sea and Barents Sea dispersed oil

Mytilus edulis and Chlamys islandica were exposed to nominal dispersed crude oil concentrations in the range 0.015–0.25 mg/l for one month. Five biomarkers (enzymatic and cellular responses) were analysed together with bioaccumulation of PAHs at the end of exposure. In both species, PAH tissue residues reflected the exposure concentration measured in the water and lipophylicity determined the bioaccumulation levels. Oil caused biomarker responses in both species but more significant alterations in exposed C. islandica were observed. The relationships between exposure levels and enzymatic responses were apparently complex. The integrated biomarker response related against the exposure levels was U-shaped in both species and no correlation with total PAH body burden was found. For the monitoring of chronic offshore discharges, dose- and time-related events should be evaluated in the selection of biomarkers to apply. From this study, cellular damages appear more fitted than enzymatic responses, transient and more complex to interpret.     

沉积盆地、结晶基底和油、气成因理念与第二深度空间勘探和开发

在石油、天然气的勘探和开发研究中,涉及到深部空间的介质、结构和属性,在沉积建造上涉及到陆相沉积、海相沉积和火山岩相,在油、气成因理论上涉及到有机成因和无机成因,在机制上涉及到深部流体的分异、调整、运移和动力作用.这些本质性问题的研究和探讨是人们十分关注的科学领域.基于油、气生、储和形成的理论、应用和成效的研究提出,有几个基础性的理念问题必须重新认识,特别是沉积建造与古老变质岩结晶基底;双相（海相和陆相）沉积建造与盆地的内涵和双基（有机和无机）混合油、气成因理念.清晰地厘定这些认识不仅有益于对油、气形成、聚集和勘探及开发给出一个更为科学的深部空间,即第二深度空间（5000~10000 m）的油、气勘探,而更为重要的是基于对这些理念的重新认识和深化研究可构建新的思路或理论,且在新的理念导向下,强化油、气深部勘探,以期能在理论研究和实践应用中取得新的成效,发现大型与超大型油、气田.     

Restoring capability of bilinear hysteretic seismic isolation systems

The restoring capability (or re‐centering capability) is identified by the current design codes as a fundamental feature of seismic isolation systems. In this paper, the restoring capability of bilinear hysteretic or frictional seismic isolation systems is investigated in some detail. Certain energy considerations are examined first in order to provide insight into and reveal governing parameters on individual aspects of the problem. The restoring capability is then investigated through an extensive parametric study of smooth bilinear single‐degree‐of‐freedom hysteretic systems, with parameters covering a range of typical seismic isolation systems, subjected to a large group of recorded earthquakes. The results of the parametric analyses are processed statistically and regression analysis relations are derived that show the dependence of the residual displacement after the earthquake and the cumulative build up of displacements after a series of successive earthquakes on the governing parameters. Based on the analysis results, the features of the bilinear system that ensure sufficient restoring capability are identified. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

核磁共振测井T2cutoff确定方法及适用性分析

T2cutoff是核磁共振测井中的一个重要参数,它决定了核磁共振测井测量的有效孔隙度、渗透率、自由流体饱和度、束缚水饱和度等参数的精确程度.目前国内外普遍选取的T2cutoff为:砂泥岩储层取33ms,碳酸盐岩储层取92ms.实际研究发现T2cutoff应是变化的量而并非单一值.简单的运用单一的T2cutoff来计算各种地层参数势必会产生误差甚至得出错误的解释结论.叙述了33ms作为T2cutoff的由来及其不合理性,同时分析了目前国内外确定T2cutoff的各种方法及其适用性.     

长岭地区东北部拗陷层油气成藏特征及储层预测

本文从长岭凹陷隐蔽油气藏勘探实际出发,以分析该区的油气地质条件、控砂主导因素及油气成藏规律为主线,利用钻井、地震等资料通过地震属性分析、测井约束反演等方法对该区进行了储层预测,寻找有利的储层分布范围,研究砂体在空间展布特征,掌握砂体与断层的配置关系、砂体的尖灭情况,进而识别不同类型隐蔽型圈闭.指出该区隐蔽油气藏主要有三种成藏类型,即构造-岩性复合型、砂岩上倾尖灭型、砂岩透镜体型.远物源缓坡河流-三角洲沉积体系控制该区砂体分布,使得油气富集成藏规律主要表现为多层位含油,各个砂组交互发育;单个油藏面积小,在平面上具有多套砂体形成迭合连片的特征.主要目的层,如青一、二段砂体,以三角洲前缘分支河道发育为主,河道走向北东向.研究区内的断层走向近南东—北西向,与砂体走向垂直.这种断层与砂体配置关系,易形成构造-岩性复合圈闭.     

综合地球物理方法对黄海地区前新生代残留盆地分布的研究

残留盆地由于埋深大、构造复杂等特点,单一的地球物理方法对残留盆地的勘探与解释存在很大的局限性,因此运用综合地质地球物理方法对前新生代残留盆地进行研究,可以充分发挥各种方法的优势,有效地解决油气勘探中的有关问题.本文以黄海地区前新生代残留盆地为研究对象,以"区域控制局部,深层约束浅层"为指导思想,在前人研究的基础上,运用重、磁、地震、钻井和区域地质等资料进行了综合研究,根据研究与计算结果勾绘了黄海地区前新生代残留盆地的宏观构造格架,并分析了残留盆地分布特征.     

海区前新生代残留盆地油气研究的综合地球物理技术

我国前新生代残留盆地油气资源的巨大潜力已为近年的一些勘探实践所证实,但是仍面临许多技术难题.本文介绍了近年在863计划支持下,针对残留盆地油气勘探难题所研究的一些方法与技术.其中包括针对我国海区残留盆地勘探目标的地震采集技术、基于弯曲射线的复杂构造叠前成像技术和残留盆地残余厚度提取技术等.这些技术已在我国海域进行了试验并取得了一定的成效.     

Episodic fluid movements in superimposed basin:Combined evidence from outcrop and fluid inclusions of the Majiang ancient oil reservoir,Guizhou Province

Combined evidence from the outcrop and the fluid inclusion assemblage (FIA) analysis indicates that there exist two episodes of fluid flow controlled by the tectonic activity. The first episode was recorded mainly in the reservoir rock of the Honghuayuan Formation,representing the fluid flow of hydrocarbon charging. The second episode occurred mainly along the fault systems,representing the fluid move-ment when the ancient oil reservoir was destroyed. The host mineral morphology,homogeneous tem-perature,and salinity of the FIAs record an episodic fluid movement. Characters of high homogenous temperature,low salinity and a quick temperature variation of the first episode fluid flow may indicate an early-stage fluid eruption,and correspondingly,fine-grained calcite was formed. Temperature of the erupted fluid tended to decrease during its mixing with the upper formation fluid and finally had the same temperature as the upper formation. From then on,the temperature was rather steady and fa-vored the growth of the coarse calcite. Due to this character of the temperature variation of the episodic fluid flow,we can use the homogenous temperature of the FIA of the coarse calcite to date the forma-tion and the destruction time of the Majiang ancient oil reservoir. Episodic fluid flow was known for its inhomogeneous trapping,which resulted in the failure of dating according to the burial history. But taking a close look at its temperature variation,we think that the latest stage of fluid flow,characterized by steady state temperature and grow of the coarser crystals,can be used for dating. It will be of great value if this method is proved to be effective. The formation and the destruction time of the Majiang ancient oil reservoir were dated to be in the Indosinian Period and the late Yanshan-early Hymalayan Period respectively. This conclusion is in great discrepancy with the common accepted idea that the Majiang ancient oil reservoir was formed and destroyed during the Caledonian tectonic movement. Even so,this paper further discussed its reliability from the view of the source rock evolution and also the local tectonic evolution.     

Deep dynamical processes in the central-southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau—Receiver functions and travel-time residuals analysis of north Hi-Climb

Teleseismic receiver functions and travel-time residuals along the north Hi-Climb broadband seismic array in the central-southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau show that the lithosphere structures in the central and western Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are different. In the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Indian Plate is northward subducted beneath the Qiangtang block and arrives at the greatest depth beneath the central-southern Qiangtang block. The delaminated Indian lithospheric slab remains beneath the central Lhasa block to a depth possibly greater than that of the upper interface of the mantle transform zone. In the western Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Indian lithospheric plate is gently northward subducted and may have arrived to the south of Tarim plate. Due to the resistance from the gently northward subduction of the Indian mantle lithosphere in the western Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the upwelling mantle material be-neath the Qiangtang block moves mostly toward the east to bring about the lateral eastward flow of the deep mantle hot material in the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.