Effectiveness of grass strips in trapping suspended sediments from runoff

Little information is available concerning the performance of grass strips for erosion control from steep cropland. An experiment was conducted on 5‐m‐long grass strips with slopes of 3°～15° that were subjected to silt laden runoff and simulated rainfall, to investigate the sediment trapping processes. The grass strips had three treatments including intact grass control (C), no litter (dead grass material covering the soil surface was removed) (NL), and no litter or leaves (only 2～3 cm grass stems and roots were reserved) (NLL). Generally the grass strips had a high effectiveness in trapping sediment from steep cropland runoff. Sediment trapping efficiency (STE) decreased with increasing slope gradient, and even for a 15° slope, STE was still more than 40%. Most sediment deposited in the backwater region before each grass strips. The removal of grass litter or/and leaves had no significant influence on STE. The sediment median size (D₅₀) in inflow was greater than that in outflow, and the difference (ΔD₅₀) decreased with increasing slope. A positive power relationship between STE and ΔD₅₀ can be obtained. Grass strips were more effective in trapping sediments coarser than 10 or 25 µm, but sediments finer than 1 µm were more readily removed from runoff than particles in the range of 2 to approximately 10 µm. Grass litter had less influence on flow velocity than leaves because the deposited sediment partially covered the litter layer. Mean flow velocity and its standard deviation were negatively correlated with STE, and they can help make good estimation of STE. Results from this study should be useful in planting and managing forage grass to effectively conserve soil loss by runoff from steep slopes on the Loess Plateau of China. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汶川地震前后川滇块体应变与断裂变形特征研究

利用1999—2007和2007—2009年GPS资料,采用块体变形模型和GPS速度剖面研究了川滇地区的分阶段变形特征,结果显示川西北-滇中-滇西南块体主压应变率方向由北向南呈顺时针方向旋转;安宁河断裂、则木河断裂存在剪切应变积累,小江断裂南段以走滑为主、北段以应变积累为主;汶川地震对丽江-小金河断裂中南段、安宁河断裂和金沙江断裂有一定影响,对则木河断裂、小江断裂和红河断裂的影响较小。     

中国大陆现时地壳水平运动特征及其驱动机制

利用1999—2007年中国大陆及邻区在ITRF2007参考框架下的1 068个GPS观测成果,以地统计分析为基础,应用运动学研究方法,分析了中国大陆及邻区地壳表层速度场的分布特征,以及印度、欧亚、菲律宾、太平洋4大板块在相互作用过程中,对中国大陆及其邻区地壳表层运动与变形分布的影响范围和程度以及驱动机制进行了分析。     

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风沙运动中MAGNUS效应的数值研究

在风沙运动中,跃移沙粒一般都会伴随高速旋转,同时引起一种升力效应,即Magnus效应。采用数值模拟的方法计算了0.1Re400,转速ω为100~1000 rev.s-1范围时均匀来流中单个球形沙粒受到的Magnus力,并与Rubinow和Keller推导的Magnus力公式进行了比较。计算结果表明,在0.1Re200范围内,升力和沙粒的旋转速度成正比,随雷诺数的增大而减小。同时,Magnus效应和固定沙粒在均匀来流中的流动结构也有关系,即计算结果和Magnus力公式的升力系数比K在沙粒流动是附体的时随Re数增加逐渐减小,在Re=20~30时达到最小值,然后在沙粒流动是对称分离的时K随着Re数增加逐渐增大。当雷诺数继续增大到超过200时,沙粒本身流动状态非对称所引起的升力超过Magnus效应产生的升力,但Magnus效应的作用也不可以忽略。根据计算结果,对Magnus力公式进行了修正。另外,还发现流场速度梯度与Magnus效应并没有耦合作用,速度梯度对升力的影响可以和Magnus效应线性叠加。     

烧变后粗砂岩抗拉特性试验研究

对40块粗砂岩试件高温后的密度、纵波波速和抗拉强度变化规律进行了试验研究。结果表明,高温后粗砂岩的密度随试验温度的升高减小幅度很小,几乎可忽略不记;高温后试件中纵波波速的传播随温度升高基本呈线性降低,而减小率呈二次曲线规律变化;存在一个温度点R,使高温后试件的抗拉强度呈开口向下抛物线关系变化,且在R温度作用后试件抗拉强度达到最大;当试验温度大于700 ℃后,试件的抗拉强度变得很小,且当温度升高时变化幅度也很小。高温后纵波波速与抗拉强度关系复合2次曲线关系。     

晋城矿区厚层脆韧性石灰岩顶板变形与控制特性研究

晋城矿区15#煤直接顶K2石灰岩厚8～12 m,结构致密坚硬,为坚硬难垮落顶板。针对厚层石灰岩顶板可能面临的大面积断裂和垮落,从而导致冲击地压等问题,通过岩石力学性质试验获得相关岩层力学参数,并运用关键层理论、数值模拟和相似材料模型试验,研究了厚层脆韧性石灰岩顶板的变形与垮落特性,得到了顶板初次来压步距20～25 m和周期来压步距10～15 m及垮落规律,并提出了顶板控制的技术途径,即初期中深孔爆破结合顶板关键层缓慢下沉综合控制技术。实践表明,厚层石灰岩顶板的垮落形态和垮落步距与理论和试验研究结果基本一致。该项成果为晋城矿区厚层脆韧性石灰岩顶板控制提供了有效途径。     

基于多重互相关函数分析剪切波速

介绍了一种提高单孔法剪切波速测量精度的新方法-多重互相关函数法。考虑到判断场地剪切波到时差的困难,提出了用多重互相关函数来求得两剪切波的到时差。互相关分析可求取两相似信号的到时差,但当两信号相似性比较差时,所求得到时差的误差较大;自相关函数本身可进行多重自相关分析,互相关函数结合多重自相关函数后,也可以进行多重互相关分析来求取两相似信号的到时差。试验表明：相比互相关函数,多重互相关函数可改善触发信号和井中三分向探头输出信号的相似性及更好地抑制噪声,因此能更精确地计算出触发信号和井中三分向探头输出信号的的到时差。基于此原理设计了剪切波波速的测试系统,此系统能自动分析出测点的剪切波速和形成完整的报告。     

栅栏绕流减速效应风洞实验模拟

为研究阻沙栅栏的空气动力学效应,利用PIV技术对栅栏绕流的速度场进行了风洞实验模拟,并对其减速效应加以分析评价。结果表明,疏透度对栅栏绕流的平均速度场分布影响比较明显,疏透度越小栅栏后的平均水平风速衰减得越快;栅栏绕流的垂直速度分量在栅栏顶部最大,并随疏透度的增大而减小,影响了栅栏周围沙粒的跃移传输及沉积特征;栅栏后的累计减速率可以用高斯峰值函数来拟合,随疏透度的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势,疏透度η=0.2时累计减速率最大,代表了栅栏减速的理论最佳疏透度。