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131.
A continuous/discontinuous Galerkin framework for modeling coupled subsurface and surface water flow
Clint Dawson 《Computational Geosciences》2008,12(4):451-472
We consider conjunctive surface-subsurface flow modeling, where surface water flow is described by the shallow water equations
and ground water flow by Richards’ equation for the vadose zone. Coupling between the models is based on the continuity of
flux and water pressure. Numerical approximation of the coupled model using the framework of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods
is formulated. In the subsurface, the local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method is used to approximate ground water velocity
and hydraulic head; a DG method is also used to approximate surface water velocity and elevation. This approach allows for
a weak coupling of the models and the use of different approximating spaces and/or meshes within each regime. A simplified
LDG method based on continuous approximations to water head is also described. Numerical results that investigate physical
and numerical aspects of surface–subsurface flow modeling are presented.
This work was supported by National Science Foundation grant DMS-0411413. 相似文献
132.
Sukanta Roy Labani Ray Anurup Bhattacharya R. Srinivasan 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(2):245-256
The Late Archaean Closepet Granite batholith in south India is exposed at different crustal levels grading from greenschist
facies in the north through amphibolite and granulite facies in the south along a ∼400 km long segment in the Dharwar craton.
Two areas, Pavagada and Magadi, located in the Main Mass of the batholith, best represent the granitoid of the greenschist
and amphibolite facies crustal levels respectively. Heat flow estimates of 38 mW m−2 from Pavagada and 25 mW m−2 from Magadi have been obtained through measurements in deep (430 and 445 m) and carefully sited boreholes. Measurements made
in four boreholes of opportunity in Pavagada area yield a mean heat flow of 39 ± 4 (s.d.) mW m−2, which is in good agreement with the estimate from deep borehole. The study, therefore, demonstrates a clear-cut heat flow
variation concomitant with the crustal levels exposed in the two areas. The mean heat production estimates for the greenschist
facies and amphibolite facies layers constituting the Main Mass of the batholith are 2.9 and 1.8 μW m−3, respectively. The enhanced heat flow in the Pavagada area is consistent with the occurrence of a radioelement-enriched 2-km-thick
greenschist facies layer granitoid overlying the granitoid of the amphibolite facies layer which is twice as thick as represented
in the Magadi area. The crustal heat production models indicate similar mantle heat flow estimates in the range 12–14 mW m−2, consistent with the other parts of the greenstone-granite-gneiss terrain of the Dharwar craton. 相似文献
133.
The region known as Pampa Plain, in Argentina, is a vast area characterized by slopes of less than 0.05%. The surface sediment is silty sand, mainly Aeolian, referred to as Pampean Loess, which is a phreatic aquifer unit of utmost importance for the water supply of the region. On account of the slight gradient, hydrogeological analyses using only hydraulic measurements are difficult to perform, often leading to confusing results. Thus, the study presented relies on hydrochemical modeling and isotopic determinations as well. The study area comprises three catchments in the inter-mountainous area corresponding to El Moro, Tamangueyú and Seco creeks, and covering 2,570 km2 in the province of Buenos Aires. Measurements of piezometric levels and samples of groundwater, surface water and rainwater were carried out between January and March 2005. Major ion results were analyzed by means of hydrochemical graphs and hydrogeochemical modelling using NETPATH. The resulting data show that it is possible to identify local changes in recharge, flow direction and stream/groundwater relationship by using hydrochemical and isotopic information, which may become a useful and more precise tool for the study of particularly flat landscapes. 相似文献
134.
Makoto Yamano Masataka Kinoshita Shusaku Goto 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(2):345-352
Thirty-three new measurements on the seaward slope and outer rise of the Japan Trench along a parallel of 38°45′N revealed
the existence of high heat flow anomalies on the subducting Pacific plate, where the seafloor age is about 135 m.y.. The most
prominent anomaly with the highest value of 114 mW/m2 is associated with a small mound on the outer rise, which was reported to be a kind of mud volcano. On the seaward slope
of the trench, heat flow is variable: high (70–90 mW/m2) at some locations and normal for the seafloor age (about 50 mW/m2) at others. The spatial variation of heat flow may be related to development of normal faults and horst/graben structures
due to bending of the Pacific plate before subduction, with fluid flow along the fault zones enhancing the vertical heat transfer.
Possible heat sources of the high heat flow anomalies are intra-plate volcanism in the last several million years like that
discovered recently on the Pacific plate east of the Japan Trench. 相似文献
135.
An updated analysis of geothermal data from the highland area of eastern Brazil has been carried out and the characteristics of regional variations in geothermal gradients and heat flow examined. The database employed includes results of geothermal measurements at 45 localities. The results indicate that the Salvador craton and the adjacent metamorphic fold belts northeastern parts of the study area are characterized by geothermal gradients in the range of 6–17°C/km. The estimated heat flow values fall in the range of 28–53 mW/m2, with low values in the cratonic area relative to the fold belts. On the other hand, the São Francisco craton and the intracratonic São Francisco sedimentary basin in the southwestern parts are characterized by relatively higher gradient values, in the range of 14–42°C/km, with the corresponding heat flow values falling in the range of 36–89 mW/m2. Maps of regional variations indicate that high heat flow anomaly in the São Francisco craton is limited to areas of sedimentary cover, to the west of the Espinhaço mountain belt. Crustal thermal models have been developed to examine the implications of the observed intracratonic variations in heat flow. The thermal models take into consideration variation of thermal conductivity with temperature as well as change of radiogenic heat generation with depth. Vertical distributions of seismic velocities were used in obtaining estimates of radiogenic heat production in crustal layers. Crustal temperatures are calculated based on a procedure that makes simultaneous use of the Kirchoff and Generalized Integral Transforms, providing thereby analytical solutions in 2D and 3D geometry. The results point to temperature variations of up to 300°C at the Moho depth, between the northern Salvador and southern São Francisco cratons. There are indications that differences in rheological properties, related to thermal field, are responsible for the contrasting styles of deformation patterns in the adjacent metamorphic fold belts. 相似文献
136.
Akinobu Miyakoshi Takeshi Hayashi Atsunao Marui Yasuo Sakura Shinichi Kawashima Masafumi Kawai 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(2):401-411
Information on the distribution of subsurface temperature and hydraulic heads at 24 observation wells in and around the Tokyo
Lowland, the eastern part of the Tokyo Metropolitan area, were examined to make clear the relationship between groundwater
and the subsurface thermal environment in the urban area. Minimums in temperature–depth logs due to subsurface temperature
increasing at shallow parts were recognized in 21 wells. This fact shows subsurface temperature is affected by ground surface
warming in almost all of this area. Deeper than minimums, where the effects of surface warming became relatively small, regional
variation is observed as follows: high temperatures are shown in the central part to the southern part, and low temperatures
shown in the inland to eastern part. The high temperature area corresponds to an area where the lower boundary of groundwater
flow is relatively shallow. This area corresponds also to an area with severe land subsidence resulting from excessive groundwater
pumping. It is considered that this high temperature area is formed by the effects of upward groundwater flow affected by
hydrogeological conditions and pumping. On the other hand, a comparison between past data (1956–1967) and present data (2001–2003)
revealed widespread decreasing temperature in the inland area. This is explained by downward groundwater flow based on an
analysis of temperature–depth logs. This fact suggests that subsurface temperature is not only increasing from the effects
of surface warming but also decreasing from the effects of groundwater environment change due to pumping. 相似文献
137.
Application of FLATModel, a 2D finite volume code, to debris flows in the northeastern part of the Iberian Peninsula 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:4
FLATModel is a two-dimensional shallow-water approximation code with corrections and modifications that create a simulation
tool adapted to debris-flows behaviour. FLATModel uses the finite volume method with the numerical implementation of the Godunov
scheme and includes correction terms regarding the effect of flow over high slopes and curvature. Additionally, the stop-and-go
phenomenon, the basal entrainment and a correction regarding the front inclination of the final deposit are incorporated into
FLATModel. In addition, different flow resistance laws were integrated in the numerical code including Bingham, Herschel–Bulkley
and Voellmy fluid model. Firstly, our numerical model was validated using analytical solutions of a dam-break scenario and
published data on a laboratory experiment. Secondly, three real events, which occurred in the northeastern part of the Iberian
Peninsula, were back-calculated. Although field observations of the three events are not very detailed, the back-analyses
revealed interesting patterns on the flow dynamics, and the numerical results generally showed good agreement with field data.
Comparing the different flow resistance laws, the Voellmy fluid model presents the best behaviour regarding both the flow
behaviour and the deposit characteristics. Preliminary simulation runs incorporating the effect of basal entrainment offered
satisfactory results, although the final volume is rather sensitive on the selected friction angle of channel-bed material.
The outcomes regarding the correction of the calculated front inclination of the final deposit showed that this implementation
strongly improves the simulation results and better represents steep fronts of final deposits. 相似文献
138.
基于53口井310余块储集层砂岩样品的分析研究,指出泰州组储集层存在着压实(压溶)、胶结和溶蚀等成岩作用,但在不同位置成岩作用的表现有所不同。海安凹陷以胶结和溶蚀作用为主,压实与压溶作用不太明显;高邮凹陷的压实程度较海安凹陷强烈。压实作用使得高邮凹陷泰州组储集层孔隙度在2 400~2 800 m处于10%左右,而海安凹陷为10%~20%。海安凹陷和高邮凹陷泰州组储集层目前处于中成岩阶段A期。储集层质量主要受原始沉积环境和成岩作用的综合影响。压实作用和胶结作用均可降低孔隙,但当碳酸盐胶结物含量小于15%时,胶结作用对储集层质量影响较小。碳酸盐胶结物和长石颗粒溶蚀形成了大量的粒间溶孔。海安凹陷有利储集层主要分布在西北部和东部三角洲前缘砂体和滑塌浊积扇砂体中,高邮凹陷有利储集层主要分布在南部扇三角洲前缘砂体中。 相似文献
139.
塔里木盆地巴楚地区中奥陶统一间房组露头礁滩复合体储层地质建模及其对塔中地区油气勘探的启示 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
通过1:5万礁滩复合体地质填图,在巴楚地区共发现大小不等的礁滩复合体90余个,层位为中奥陶统一间房组二段.台缘为礁滩复合体密集发育区,礁滩体规模大,台内为礁滩复合体零星发育区,礁滩体规模小。通过对6个典型礁滩复合体的解剖,研究了礁滩复合体的微相类型、组合和各微相的岩石特征、生物群落,并对其生长发育阶段进行了分析。根据6个典型礁滩复合体及礁间的大量铸体薄片鉴定和物性资料,分析了储层的特征、成因和非均质性,建立了台缘礁及礁间、台内礁及礁间2种背景条件下的储层地质模型。巴楚地区露头礁滩复合体储层地质模型对塔中地区上奥陶统良里塔格组礁滩复合体的勘探具有重要的指导意义,并为勘探实践所证实。 相似文献
140.
鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上三叠统延长组长8、长6油层组
的沉积体系与物源方向 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
野外露头剖面的岩石学与岩相组合,沉积特征与相标志,古流向测定,室内砂岩的骨架矿物、重矿物组合及其平面分布规律的研究结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地西南部上三叠统延长组长8油层组是以线状或点状物源为特征的一套近源快速堆积的冲积扇与扇三角洲沉积体系,形成于盆地由快速拗陷转入逆冲负荷沉降期间。长8沉积期盆地西南部的古水流与物源主要来自盆地西南方向,其次为西北和东南方向。长6油层组沉积期,盆地内部底床下沉作用减缓,湖盆开始收缩,湖盆西岸除北部有少量扇三角洲沉积外,主要为辫状河三角洲沉积:而盆地东北部与东部的沉积作用大大加强,致使在盆地东部形成一系列大型曲流河三角洲沉积体系,至盆地西南部相变为半深湖-深湖相与浊流相沉积。长6沉积期古水流除来自西南、西北和东南方向外.还有来自北东和正东方向的次要物源,它们在盆地西南部悦乐-玄马-板桥-固城-合水-带汇合,使该地带成为混合物源区。 相似文献