The Baker Creek Research Watershed: Streamflow data highlighting the behaviour of an intermittent Canadian Shield stream through a wet–dry–wet cycle

Baker Creek drains water from subarctic Canadian Shield terrain comprised of a mix of exposed Precambrian bedrock, lakes, open black spruce forest and peat filled depressions. Research in the catchment has focused on hydrological processes at the hillslope and catchment scales. Streamflow is gauged from several diverse sub-catchments ranging in size from 9 to 155 km². The period of record (2003–2019) of streamflow from these sub-catchments extends from 12 to 17 years, and these data are the focus of this note. Such data are unique in this remote region. 2003–2019 was a period that included both historic wet and dry conditions. Observations during such a diversity of conditions are helping to improve understanding of how stream networks that drain this landscape expand and contract in response to short and long hydroclimatic cycles. These data from a distinctly cold and dry region of low relief, thin soils, exposed bedrock and permafrost are a valuable contribution to the global diversity of research catchment data.     

Using isotopes to understand landscape-scale connectivity in a groundwater-dominated,lowland catchment under drought conditions

The Demnitzer Millcreek catchment (DMC), is a 66 km² long-term experimental catchment located 50 km SE of Berlin. Monitoring over the past 30 years has focused on hydrological and biogeochemical changes associated with de-intensification of farming and riparian restoration in the low-lying landscape dominated by rain-fed farming and forestry. However, the hydrological function of the catchment, which is closely linked to nutrient fluxes and highly sensitive to climatic variability, is still poorly understood. In the last 3 years, a prolonged drought period with below-average rainfall and above-average temperatures has resulted in marked hydrological change. This caused low soil moisture storage in the growing season, agricultural yield losses, reduced groundwater recharge, and intermittent streamflows in parts of an increasingly disconnected channel network. This paper focuses on a two-year long isotope study that sought to understand how different parts of the catchment affect ecohydrological partitioning, hydrological connectivity and streamflow generation during drought conditions. The work has shown the critical importance of groundwater storage in sustaining flows, basic in-stream ecosystem services and the dominant influence of vegetation on groundwater recharge. Recharge was much lower and occurred during a shorter window of time in winter under forests compared to grasslands. Conversely, groundwater recharge was locally enhanced by the restoration of riparian wetlands and storage-dependent water losses from the stream to the subsurface. The isotopic variability displayed complex emerging spatio-temporal patterns of stream connectivity and flow duration during droughts that may have implications for in-stream solute transport and future ecohydrological interactions between landscapes and riverscapes. Given climate projections for drier and warmer summers, reduced and increasingly intermittent streamflows are very likely not just in the study region, but in similar lowland areas across Europe. An integrated land and water management strategy will be essential to sustaining catchment ecosystem services in such catchment systems in future.     

Northern landscapes in transition: Evidence,approach and ways forward using the Krycklan Catchment Study

Improving our ability to detect changes in terrestrial and aquatic systems is a grand challenge in the environmental sciences. In a world experiencing increasingly rapid rates of climate change and ecosystem transformation, our ability to understand and predict how, when, where, and why changes occur is essential for adapting and mitigating human behaviours. In this context, long-term field research infrastructures have a fundamentally important role to play. For northern boreal landscapes, the Krycklan Catchment Study (KCS) has supported monitoring and research aimed at revealing these changes since it was initiated in 1980. Early studies focused on forest regeneration and microclimatic conditions, nutrient balances and forest hydrology, which included monitoring climate variables, water balance components, and stream water chemistry. The research infrastructure has expanded over the years to encompass a 6790 ha catchment, which currently includes 11 gauged streams, ca. 1000 soil lysimeters, 150 groundwater wells, >500 permanent forest inventory plots, and a 150 m tall tower (a combined ecosystem-atmosphere station of the ICOS, Integrated Carbon Observation System) for measurements of atmospheric gas concentrations and biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of carbon, water, and energy. In addition, the KCS has also been the focus of numerous high resolution multi-spectral LiDAR measurements and large scale experiments. This large collection of equipment and data generation supports a range of disciplinary studies, but more importantly fosters multi-, trans-, and interdisciplinary research opportunities. The KCS attracts a broad collection of scientists, including biogeochemists, ecologists, foresters, geologists, hydrologists, limnologists, soil scientists, and social scientists, all of whom bring their knowledge and experience to the site. The combination of long-term monitoring, shorter-term research projects, and large-scale experiments, including manipulations of climate and various forest management practices, has contributed much to our understanding of boreal landscape functioning, while also supporting the development of models and guidelines for research, policy, and management.     

Brixenbach research catchment: Quantification of runoff process proportions in a small Alpine catchment depending on soil moisture states and precipitation characteristics

The Brixenbach valley is a small Alpine torrent catchment (9.2 km², 820–1950 m a.s.l., 47.45°, 12.26°) in Tyrol, Austria. Intensive hydrological research in the catchment since more than 12 years, including a hydrogeological survey, pedological and land use mapping, measurements of precipitation, runoff, soil moisture and infiltration as well as the conduction of rainfall simulations, has contributed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment, its subcatchments and specific sites. The paper presents a synthesis of the research in form of runoff process maps for different soil moisture states and precipitation characteristics, derived with the aid of a newly developed Soil-hydrological model. These maps clearly visualize the differing runoff reaction of different subcatchments. The pasture dominated areas produce high surface flow rates during short precipitation events (1 h, 86 mm) with high rainfall intensity, whilst the forested areas often develop shallow subsurface flow. Dry preconditions lead to a slight reduction of surface flow, long rainfall events (24 h, 170 mm) to a dominance of deep subsurface flow and percolation.     

煤层顶板导水裂缝带发育高度探测研究——以黑龙江省双鸭山双阳煤矿为例

煤层顶板导水裂缝带发育高度是煤矿设计部门在留设防、隔水煤柱时必须考虑的一个重要参数,对煤矿水体下采煤、顶板防治水具有重要意义。基于双阳煤矿水文地质补充勘探项目,在8#煤层采空区上方施工两个地面钻孔,采用地面钻孔钻井液漏失量实测法、钻孔电视摄像技术及传统经验公式法相结合的方法,综合确定8#煤层顶板导水裂缝带发育高度为43.7~45.7m,为地质条件相似矿区在合理确定开采上限、留设防（隔）水煤柱等问题提供方法和数据支持。     

关于学风与创新文化的几点认识

本文从5个方面叙述了笔者对当今部分地理界学风与创新文化的观察与认识。第一,基于地理学方法论,阐述了地理学的理论观点与概念判断都是来自对地球表层实际存在的客体的运动特征与空间投影的变化轨迹的观察、分析与概括;第二,结合实际,指出了“博观而约取、厚积而薄发”的知识积累与运用观对学者们的重要性;第三,对科学创新及如何实现创新提出了新的观点;第四,探讨了如何正确处理科研个人与集体的关系;第五,提出人文与经济地理学研究要面向咨询。     

创新型人才流动的空间结构与影响因素——基于高被引华人科学家履历分析

创新型人才作为重要的生产要素,对促进区域创新和竞争力提升具有决定性的作用。高被引科学家作为科研人员的杰出代表,是创新型人才的重要组成部分。本文以全球高被引华人科学家为研究对象,基于履历数据分析其流动,特别是工作阶段的流动特征;运用Heckman二阶段选择模型,对科学家工作阶段流动的影响因素进行分析,探究复合的人口迁移理论在高端人才流动中的适用性。研究发现：① 高被引华人科学家的人才流动轨迹表明,科学家的移动迁入地主要是国内外的核心城市（度中心性较高的城市）。② 高被引华人科学家工作阶段流动主要发生在中国和美国之间,中国城市多为人才迁入地,美国城市多为人才迁出地。③ 复合的人口迁移模型对高被引华人科学家工作阶段的区位选择解释作用明显。④ 高被引华人科学家国内外城市移动选择的影响因素不同,科学家的国内流动受到地理距离的限制,而迁入城市的拉力是高被引华人科学家产生跨国移动的主要原因。     

中国社会文化地理学研究的发展与反思：基于2015—2020年中英文文献分析

作为一个在中国发轫较晚的人文地理学分支,社会文化地理学逐渐成为人文地理学的重要分支。随着研究话题的日新月异以及研究方法和理论的推陈出新,中国社会文化地理学的理论和应用研究在近年（2015—2020年）得到越来越多学者的关注和参与,同时涌现出一系列新的学科现象和值得反思的问题,如话题的多样性、研究方法的交叉性、研究科学性的反思和质疑等。因此,从延续学科自省的视角出发,有必要坚持从中、西对比的角度,不断度量中国社会文化地理学的发展趋势,定位学科的特点,以期为国内社会文化地理研究提供一定的方向和启示。借助文献分析工具对2015—2020年中、英文领域主要学术期刊的社会文化地理学文献进行采集和分析,辅以德尔菲法对学科专家进行咨询,尝试结合客观和主观数据,综合辨析当前中外社会文化地理学的研究特色,以及未来中国社会文化地理学研究可能的发展方向和潜力所在。从分析结果上看,国外社会文化地理研究话题涵盖：1）从移民研究到流动性研究;2）从文化景观研究到超越人类的地理学研究;3）弱势人群研究与关怀地理学等方面。中国社会文化地理研究话题包括：1）理论引介与反思;2）城镇化、流动性与多元移民;3）旅游与地方;4）乡村转型与乡愁等方面。综合国内外社会文化地理研究成果可知,西方国家（尤其是英国）作为社会文化地理学的重要发源地,在学科知识“生产—消费”循环中保持优势地位;西方社会文化地理学研究重点关注国际大政治和日常政治话题,而中国社会文化地理研究与旅游和乡村话题结合紧密,与西方形成明显区别,反映中国社会发展需要;中国社会文化地理学国际化趋势明显,但中、西方知识交换程度不高,知识边界依然明显。另外,专家咨询意见也凸显社会文化地理研究者的学科归属感有待加强、研究范式系统化不足与共识不充分等问题。未来中国社会文化地理学需要不断推进学科交叉和方法创新,探索其地理学本质,在国际化进程中讲好中国故事,总结中国经验,发展中国理论,服务国家,对话世界。     

业缘对环渤海地区海外高层次人才回流格局的影响

以中国“海外高层次人才引进计划”数据为基础,运用ArcGIS软件与泊松回归模型,分析业缘对环渤海地区海外高层次人才回流格局的影响及其作用机制,结果表明：对于就职地来说,受业缘影响,海外人才选择回流至母校或者母校所在城市的倾向较明显;人才回流区位选择的规律性明显,主要倾向于流向直辖市、省会、副省级等高等级城市,尤以北京最为集中;从母校所属地来看,人才主要集中于环渤海地区周边的直辖市、省会或副省级城市等高等级城市。与化学学科相比,工程与材料科学学科人才在业缘的影响下,回流至母校所属地的倾向更明显,其母校与就职城市之间分别形成“\wedge”型与“爪”型的空间结构特征。海外高层次人才回流区位影响因素中,R&D经费支出占GDP的比重对海外人才回流区位的影响最大,其次是城市等级和陆路平均通达性,而业缘变量同其他变量对海外人才具有一定吸引作用,但影响较小。     

超燃冲压发动机凹腔内补氧的强化点火试验

在超燃冲压发动机扩张型燃烧室中,对凹腔内局部补氧的点火强化方法进行了试验研究。采用高速摄影手段研究了不同的补氧方式对凹腔内火焰分布特征和燃烧强度的影响,并针对并联双凹腔燃烧室构型,研究了在单侧凹腔补氧条件下向异侧凹腔的火焰传播过程。试验结果表明,采用凹腔内补氧的方式能调节凹腔内的燃料浓度分布、改善凹腔内的燃烧过程,控制燃烧放热强度;稳态燃烧情况下,观察到凹腔驻留火焰的两种存在特征,分别表现为:由回流区热量反馈机制作用下的凹腔局部驻留火焰和燃烧室全局压力反馈影响下的凹腔剪切层火焰。只有在单侧凹腔燃烧建立了全局压力反馈的条件下才能实现凹腔火焰的异侧传播。 