西藏果芒错蛇绿混杂岩中硅质岩的地球化学特征及其形成环境

果芒错蛇绿混杂岩位于狮泉河—永珠—嘉黎蛇绿混杂岩带中段,是该带中保存较好的一套蛇绿混杂岩,其形成环境是确定狮泉河—永珠—嘉黎蛇绿混杂岩带构造属性的重要依据。对果芒错蛇绿混杂岩中的硅质岩进行了地球化学分析,为判断蛇绿混杂岩的形成环境提供新的约束条件。硅质岩通常呈几十厘米夹层产于玄武岩中,含有大量晚三叠世—白垩纪放射虫化石。硅质岩SiO2含量为71.38%~77.67%,Al2O3含量为8.62%~11.51%,MnO/TiO2值为0.28~0.35,(Ce/Ce?)SN值为0.92~0.94,(La/Ce)SN值为1.13~1.17,反映了陆源物质的影响,而V、Ni、Cu和V/Y值高于大陆边缘硅质岩,与洋中脊和大洋盆地硅质岩相似,说明果芒错硅质岩可能形成于受陆源物质影响且与大陆边缘有一定距离的环境中。结合变质橄榄岩、镁铁质岩墙和玄武岩的地球化学特征,初步认为果芒错蛇绿混杂岩的形成环境为靠近大陆边缘的弧后盆地。     

东昆中构造带清水泉地区变沉积岩碎屑锆石UPb年龄及其地质意义

东昆中构造混杂岩带主要由构造混杂岩块、古老基底岩系及原地沉积岩系组成,前人对其做了大量的研究。都兰县清水泉地区的东昆中构造混杂岩带中出露了一套变质沉积地层,作为清水泉蛇绿构造混杂岩的基质岩系,研究其形成时代、构造归属以及沉积物源,对于了解东昆中构造混杂岩带的时代归属及构造演化具有重要的意义。通过对变质沉积岩的碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素年代学研究,获得碎屑锆石年龄范围为1 847~437Ma,可进一步划分为1 847~1 729Ma、1 558~1 400Ma、1 295~1 112Ma、965~749Ma、552~437Ma 5个年龄段。通过年代学、岩相学和区域对比研究,将浅变质沉积岩的形成时代限定为（490±2.6）~（427±4）Ma,为早古生代,归属于下古生界纳赤台群,同时进一步限定东昆中构造混杂岩带的基本构造格架形成于早古生代末期。     

西藏羌塘香桃湖地区泥盆纪猫耳山岩组的解体及蛇绿混杂岩带的初步厘定

猫耳山岩组分布于龙木错—双湖缝合带西延的关键区域,具有复杂的岩石组合和变质变形特征,是理解缝合带西部构造演化的关键。1∶25万查多岗日幅区调认为猫耳山岩组为一套晚泥盆世遭受角闪岩相变质作用改造的碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩夹基性火山岩沉积建造,其中部分变质基性火山岩显示出蛇绿岩的地球化学特征。近期的研究表明,原猫耳山岩组是由形成于不同时代和构造背景,遭受不同程度变质作用改造的岩片构造混杂而成,对其进行必要的解体工作,是认识该区物质组成及构造演化的前提。在大量野外观察和实测剖面的基础上,结合岩石学、地球化学和同位素年代学,将原猫耳山岩组初步解体为晚古生代蛇绿岩、早古生代蛇绿岩、早石炭世咸水河岩组、中三叠世拉顺岩组等不同地质单元,并概述解体依据和不同单元的物质组成、变质特征、形成时代及构造背景,为进一步深入理解缝合带西部物质组成、从整体上认识龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带的构造演化提供了新的资料。     

新疆克拉玛依地区百口泉发现尖晶石橄榄岩

新疆克拉玛依地区出露的早古生代蛇绿混杂岩带规模巨大,岩石单元出露齐全。白碱滩地区的地幔橄榄岩相对比较新鲜,单斜辉石、斜方辉石、尖晶石和橄榄石保存完好。研究表明,白碱滩蛇绿岩就位前,地幔岩发生了大于50km的快速隆升,且没有发生部分熔融。百口泉地区发现的地幔岩普遍遭受了改造,辉石多发生了强烈蚀变(透闪石化),但尖晶石和橄榄石保存较好。百口泉地区出露的地幔岩和白碱滩地幔岩的矿物组成基本一致,表明它们属于同一蛇绿混杂岩带。百口泉蛇绿岩剖面的揭露,将该蛇绿混杂岩带的范围向NE方向延伸了35km。     

Speciation Study of Cr in a Geochemical Reference Material Sediment Series Using Sequential Extraction and XANES Spectroscopy

Speciation of Cr in geochemical reference materials was characterised by sequential extraction and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to identify Cr(III) resulting from the reduction of pollutant Cr(VI). Sequential extraction suggested that the amount of Cr associated with an acetic acid soluble fraction was low; Cr associated with a reducible phase and an oxidisable phase was extracted at 5–10% of the total Cr concentration, and the residual phase was found to be the dominant Cr‐containing fraction. Cr speciation in soil artificially doped with Cr(VI) and sediment samples collected from highly populated and industrialised areas was different from that in naturally occurring materials. Substantial Cr was extracted as a reducible phase (15–30%) and an oxidisable phase (30–60%) for these samples. Through subsequent XANES spectroscopy analysis, the reducible phase was explained by Cr bound to Fe hydroxide, while the oxidisable phase was a mixture of Cr bound to humic substances and Cr hydroxides. That is, Cr(VI) present as a contaminant in sediments and soils was reduced to Cr(III), which then bound to Fe hydroxide and humic substances, precipitating as a hydroxide. Thus, a combination of sequential extraction and XANES spectroscopy allows for effective identification and quantification of the chemical forms of Cr in sediments and soils.     

Determination of Precise and Accurate 51V/50V Isotope Ratios by Multi‐Collector ICP‐MS,Part 2: Isotopic Composition of Six Reference Materials plus the Allende Chondrite and Verification Tests

We present the first measurements of vanadium (V) stable isotopes for six reference materials – USGS PCC‐1, BHVO‐2, BCR‐2, BIR‐1a, GSP‐2 and AGV‐2 – plus the widely available carbonaceous chondrite Allende. We present standard addition and matrix spiking tests to assess the robustness and reproducibility of our data. Standard addition utilised an enriched ⁵⁰V solution designated VISSOX (Vanadium Isotope Standard Solution OXford). We further assessed the veracity of the method by spiking collected sample matrices with the same amount of a V standard solution, whose isotopic composition was defined as 0‰. Standard addition and matrix spiking tests recorded no appreciable artificial isotope fractionation. We estimate that the best currently attainable long‐term reproducibility of stable ⁵¹V/⁵⁰V isotope measurements in complex matrices is 0.15‰, which is in the same order as the reproducibility achievable with standard solutions. Finally, a large range of ～ 1.2‰ in stable V isotopic composition was documented, with ～ 0.5‰ of that variation in high temperature igneous materials alone. The range and resolving power of V stable isotopes, with respect to igneous material, compared favourably with the magnitude of fractionation reported for other non‐traditional stable isotope systems, which bodes well for the utility of this new system.     

Structures spatiales de l'évapotranspiration de référence et des variables climatiques corrélées en Tunisie

Résumé

Nous étudions sur le territoire Tunisien, transition entre les climats sub-humide Méditerranéen et aride Saharien, l'organisation spatiale de l'évapotranspiration de référence décadaire interannuelle (1986–2003) et des variables climatiques utilisées pour son estimation: température de l'air, humidité relative de l'air, vitesse du vent et durée d'ensoleillement. L'étude est basée sur la modélisation du variogramme et la détermination de ses paramètres (pépite, pente ou palier et portée). Nous considérons également des indicateurs sur le comportement à l'origine du variogramme et sur la variation de la structure spatiale des variables étudiées. L'étude montre que les modèles des variogrammes changent d'une variable à une autre et d'une période de l'année à une autre. Cependant, ils sont de type linéaire dans la plupart des cas. Le variogramme de l'évapotranspiration de référence est sans pépite, quelle que soit la période de l'année. Pour les autres variables, notamment la température maximale de l'air, l'humidité relative de l'air et la durée d'ensoleillement, la pépite est plus importante pendant la période chaude de l'année. Le variogramme de la vitesse du vent est sphérique à grande portée sur toute l'année, et la structure de l'ensoleillement est pépitique pendant l'été et linéaire le reste de l'année. L'évapotranspiration de référence présente un gradient structural semblable à celui de l'humidité relative durant toute l'année, mais différent de ceux des autres variables climatiques.

Editeur Z.W. Kundzewicz; Editeur associé G. Mahé

Citation Baccour, H., Slimani, M. et Cudennec, C., 2012. Structures spatiales de l'évapotranspiration de référence et des variables climatiques corrélées en Tunisie. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (4), 818–829.     

有限频率线性理论的波恩近似佯谬

对有限频率层析成像线性理论的波恩近似问题进行梳理, 用数值方法统计分析其适用范围, 结果表明波恩近似要求最大速度扰动不超过1%; 然后对相关走时一阶近似进行统计分析, 结果表明它也只适用于最大速度扰动在1%以内的情形. 然而, 结合波恩近似和相关走时一阶近似而得到的有限频率线性理论, 其适用的速度扰动范围最大可达10%. 这个表面上的逻辑悖论, 称为“波恩近似佯谬”. 此佯谬是由于不恰当地使用波恩近似造成的. 本文摒弃波恩近似, 使用泛函的Fréchet微分和隐函数定理推导得到有限频率线性理论, 圆满解释了波恩近似佯谬. 由于有限频率非线性理论早已摒弃了波恩近似, 因此波恩近似概念在有限频率层析成像理论中完全没有必要.     

Determination of Mercury in One Hundred and Sixteen Geological and Environmental Reference Materials Using a Direct Mercury Analyser

The mercury content of 116 reference materials (RMs) from ten international organisations was determined in this study, which focused on variability within and between batches of RMs. Direct mercury analysis (DMA) was applied to RMs having Hg contents between 1 and 6300 ng g^?1 and provided good precision and accuracy. Accuracy was demonstrated by the agreement of our results with certified values, while replicates were made to establish the precision. Low within‐batch variability was noted, with precision from 0.1 to 23% (n = 3–5) apparently depending on Hg content and homogeneity, whereas systematic offsets were detected among several batches. Thanks to the analysis of different batches; the homogeneity or heterogeneity of several RMs was shown, and thus, suitable RMs for quality control for Hg determinations could be recommended.     

High‐Precision Iron Isotope Analysis of Geological Reference Materials by High‐Resolution MC‐ICP‐MS

We report high‐precision iron isotopic data for twenty‐two commercially available geological reference materials, including silicates, carbonatite, shale, carbonate and clay. Accuracy was checked by analyses of synthetic solutions with known Fe isotopic compositions but different matrices ranging from felsic to ultramafic igneous rocks, high Ca and low Fe limestone, to samples enriched in transition group elements (e.g., Cu, Co and Ni). Analyses over a 2‐year period of these synthetic samples and pure Fe solutions that were processed through the whole chemistry procedure yielded an average δ⁵⁶Fe value of ?0.001 ± 0.025‰ (2s, n = 74), identical to the expected true value of 0. This demonstrates a long‐term reproducibility and accuracy of < 0.03‰ for determination of ⁵⁶Fe/⁵⁴Fe ratios. Reproducibility and accuracy were further confirmed by replicate measurements of the twenty‐two RMs, which yielded results that perfectly match the mean values of published data within quoted uncertainties. New recommended values and associated uncertainties are presented for interlaboratory calibration in the future.