相干体解释技术在三维地震勘探中的应用

主要讨论相干体技术在鲍店煤矿十采区实际地震资料中的应用。利用相干体的时间切片来分析相邻道地震信号的相似性,进而探测小断层和分析地质构造。通过对实际资料的分析解释可以看出,相干体技术是一种有效的断层解释方法,可以提高解释精度,缩短勘探周期。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

模糊城市系统遥感信息指标的提取方法

利用遥感的手段来研究城市现象是一种快速有效的方法，一般来说使用这种方法首先需要从遥感图像中提取一些定量描述城市的统计指标。本文根据EJ．Heikkila对模糊城市系统理论的描述，首先分析了提取描述该模糊城市系统的指标困难之所在，然后提出一种基于数学形态学的逐步侵蚀算法，来解决模糊城市系统中遥感图像在像素级精度中“城市用地”概念难于理解和计算的问题，并在VCA．0 下编程实现了这种算法，提取出了描述模糊城市的三个遥感信息指标。     

渤海A油田气烟囱识别及其研究意义

气烟囱是一种特殊的地质现象,与油气的生成、运移密切相关。在地震资料上进行气烟囱的识别研究有助于工区的断层封闭性、油气运移通道、成藏模式的研究。基于倾角数据体的气烟囱识别技术引入倾角和方位角信息,结合有监督的神经网络分析方法,提取出能够反映气烟囱地震异常体的地震属性组合,完成了对气烟囱的识别研究,相对以往方法,该方法具有识别准确度高、效率快的优点。此方法运用于渤海A油田,较好地完成了油田的油气运移及成藏模式分析,为油田的储量增长奠定了基础。同时,对渤海A油田断层的封闭性进行了风险分析和提示,保证了油田的钻井安全。     

Application of Spectral Decomposition to Detection of Fracture-Cavity Carbonate Reservoir Beds in the Tahe OUfield,Tarim Basin,NW China

Ordovician fracture-cavity carbonate reservoir beds are the major type of producing formations in the Tahe oilfield,Tarim Basin.The seismic responses of these beds clearly changes depending on the different distance of the fracture-cavity reservoir bed from the top of the section.The seismic reflection becomes weak or is absent when the fracture-cavity reservoir beds are less than 20 ms below the top Ordovician.The effect on top Ordovician reflection became weaker with deeper burial of fracture-cavity reservoir beds but the developed deep fracture-cavity reservoir beds caused stronger reflection in the interior of the Ordovician.This interior reflection can be divided into strong long-axis, irregular and bead string reflections,and was present 80 ms below the top Ordovician.Aimed at understanding reflection characteristics,the spectral decomposition technique,which uses frequency to"tune-in"bed thickness,was used to predict Ordovician fracture-cavity carbonate formations in the Tahe oilfield.Through finely adjusting the processing parameters of spectral decomposition,it was found that the slice at 30 Hz of the tuned data cube can best represent reservoir bed development.Two large N-S-trending strong reflection belts in the mid-western part of the study area along wells TK440- TK427-TK417B and in the eastern part along wells TK404-TK409 were observed distinctly on the 30 Hz slice and 4-D time-frequency data cube carving.A small N-S trending reflection belt in the southern part along wells T403-TK446B was also clearly identified.The predicted reservoir bed development area coincides with the fracture-cavities connection area confirmed by drilling pressure testing results. Deep karst cavities occur basically in three reservoir bed-development belts identified by the Ordovician interior strong reflection.Spectral decomposition proved to be a useful technique in identifying fracture-cavity reservoir beds.     

川中—川西北加里东期古隆起对比研究

四川盆地加里东期经历了桐湾、郁南、都匀、广西等多期次构造运动,于盆地中西部和西北部分别形成了川中古隆起和川西北古隆起。重建加里东期川中古隆起和川西北古隆起形成演化过程及其关联性可以为四川盆地中西部和西北部深层海相层系下一步油气勘探部署提供新思路。本文通过对四川盆地已有钻井和地震资料的分析,开展了不同构造区的震旦系—早古生代地层对比分析,识别出四川盆地加里东期古隆起各套地层尖灭点分布范围、不整合削截点和上超点。利用地震、连井剖面相结合的方法,重塑了川中和川西北地区古隆起的形成演化过程。综合研究认为,加里东期古隆起的构造形态在晚奥陶世—早志留世初步形成,在晚志留世广西运动中经历了细微调整,古隆起在早志留世达到最大展布范围,于二叠纪沉积前定型,郁南运动和都匀运动对加里东期古隆起的变形起着重要作用;二者总体经历了“隆-凹”分异阶段（Z—∈₁m）、隆起定型阶段（∈₁q—S₁）、联合隆升阶段（S₂—C）、稳定埋藏阶段（P—T₂）等4个阶段。

     

地理空间情报预测分析的一种方法

地理空间情报是对影像和地理空间信息的发掘和分析。其中,地理空间情报预测分析是决策的基础。传统的地理空间情报预测分析大多是基于逻辑思维的定性研究,此处提出了一个地理空间情报预测分析的模型——因果关联图,同时给出了计算预测事件可信度的方法。该方法能够定量、简捷、快速、有效地实现地理空间情报预测分析。     

基于居民个体的城市虚-实空间关联指标研究——以南京市为例

信息技术对城市空间结构的影响一直是地理学关注的话题。随着信息技术的革新及其在社会生活中的普及应用,地理学者开始将研究视角从空间转向网络用户。引入信息科学领域的“地理关联”概念,通过南京居民问卷调查获得973个样本数据,采用结构方程模型分析,尝试从微观个体角度探索基于居民个体的虚-实空间的关联指标。结果发现：居民信息化程度、居民信息化认知、居民信息化习惯、居民流动性是微观层面虚-实空间关联的主要指标;居民流动性是空间关联最重要的衡量指标,其次是居民信息化认知、居民信息化习惯、居民信息化程度;工作地是最能展示网络空间与实体空间紧密关联的场所类型。     

油气运移中断层精细刻画的优选方法——以南海北部珠江口盆地惠西南地区为例

油气运移是油气成藏的关键要素之一,依据油气运移方式及动力和空间位置等可分为初次运移和二次运移2个阶段,其中,二次运移决定了油气主要运移方向以及源—汇—聚成藏的空间位置。二次运移包括：油气通过储集层及不同类型载体的运移;已形成油气聚集或油气藏在圈闭条件变化尤其是断层活动引起的再次运移。毋庸置疑,断层作为油气运聚的主要载体其在油气运移和聚集中起到了非常重要的作用。然而前人对断层在油气运移输导作用的研究多集中在运聚机理的定性描述上,对油气二次运移中断层运聚输导作用分析尚缺少宏观、立体及实际的手段。鉴此,在南海北部珠江口盆地惠西南转换带油气运移及断层对油气的封堵输导机制的研究中,尝试在应用地球物理方法获取的高质量断层剖面分析基础上,精细刻画断层走向以及微裂隙的分布特征,深入剖析断层对油气封堵与输导作用的差异,进而为油气运移路径分析等提供技术支持。采取的具体技术方法是：首先,对地震数据体做方差体属性分析,并提取时间切片进而确定断层空间展布特征;其次,在方差属性体基础上实施蚂蚁体追踪技术,进一步刻画断层微裂隙概貌,深入分析不同断层及其不同部位对油气封堵与输导差异;再次,利用成像精度较高的三维可视化技术进一步分析断层空间上对油气封堵与输导的作用,为剖析油气运移路径及方向提供新的思路与方法。总之,这种地震与地质相结合的研究思路及方法,大大提高了油气二次运移方向判识的精度及可靠性,故对油气勘探目标的评价优选具有参考借鉴意义。     

Anisotropy and depth‐related heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity in a bog peat. I: laboratory measurements

Anisotropy and heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity (K) are suspected of greatly affecting rates and patterns of ground‐water seepage in peats. A new laboratory method, termed here the modified cube method, was used to measure horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity (K_h and K_v) of 400 samples of bog peat. The new method avoids many of the problems associated with existing field and laboratory methods, and is shown to give relatively precise measurements of K. In the majority of samples tested, K_h was much greater than K_v, indicating that the bog peat was strongly anisotropic. Log₁₀K_h, log₁₀K_v, and log₁₀ (K_h/K_v) were found to vary significantly with depth, although none of the relationships was simple. We comment on the scale dependency of our measurements. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.