弯道出流横向流速的衰减长度

为研究弯道出流横向流速的衰减规律,通过量纲分析建立了量纲一衰减长度的经验公式,采用系列数值试验的结果率定了该经验公式,分析了各因素影响程度以及衰减长度分布规律,并与理论公式进行了对比。试验发现雷诺数Re和弗劳德数Fr对衰减长度影响极小;衰减长度,横向上凹岸区最大,中间次之,凸岸区最小;垂向上近底区最大,近水面区次之,最小值位于中间。典型理论公式计算的衰减长度的垂向分布,与试验结果定性一致,但由于忽略横比降的影响,导致其在近底区偏小。结果表明:该经验公式考虑因素较理论公式更为全面;衰减长度在不同区域不同;采用相似模型研究弯道出流的环流衰减长度时,需要保证阻力相似,但一定条件下,可以放弃Fr和Re相似。     

Plan‐form evolution of ancient meandering rivers reconstructed from longitudinal outcrop sections

The mode of channel‐bend transformation (i.e. expansion, translation, rotation or a combination thereof) has a direct bearing on the dimensions, shape, bedding architecture and connectivity of point‐bar sandstone bodies within a fluvial meander belt, but is generally difficult to recognize in vertical outcrops. This study demonstrates how the bend transformation mode and relative rate of channel‐floor aggradation can be deciphered from longitudinal outcrop sections aligned parallel to the meander‐belt axis, as a crucial methodological aid to the reconstruction of ancient fluvial systems and the development of outcrop analogue models for fluvial petroleum reservoirs. The study focuses on single‐storey and multi‐storey fluvial meander‐belt sandstone bodies in the Palaeogene piggyback Boyabat Basin of north‐central Turkey. The sandstone bodies are several hundred metres wide, 5 to 40 m thick and encased in muddy floodplain deposits. The individual channel‐belt storeys are 5 to 9 m thick and their transverse sections show lateral‐accretion bed packages representing point bars. Point bars in longitudinal sections are recognizable as broad mounds whose parts with downstream‐inclined, subhorizontal and upstream‐inclined bedding represent, respectively, the bar downstream, central and upstream parts. The inter‐bar channel thalweg is recognizable as the transition zone between adjacent point‐bar bedsets with opposing dip directions into or out of the outcrop section. The diverging or converging adjacent thalweg trajectories, or a trajectory migrating in up‐valley direction, indicate point‐bar broadening and hence channel‐bend expansion. A concurrent down‐valley migration of adjacent trajectories indicates channel‐bend translation. Bend rotation is recognizable from the replacement of a depositional riffle by an erosional pool zone or vice versa along the thalweg trajectory. The steepness of the thalweg trajectory reflects the relative rate of channel‐floor aggradation. This study discusses further how the late‐stage foreland tectonics, with its alternating pulses of uplift and subsidence and a progressive narrowing of the basin, has forced aggradation of fluvial channels and caused vertical stacking of meander belts.     

宁夏沙坡头黄河大弯的成因分析

黄河在宁夏沙坡头形成了"几"字形河曲地貌,并在河曲凸岸发育了3级河流阶地。本文针对沙坡头大弯河流阶地特征、阶地年龄,以及大拐弯的成因进行了分析,探讨本区地貌发育的机制。结果表明:(1)沙坡头大弯3级河流阶地形成的主要原因是构造抬升作用,气候变化对此处阶地形成的作用不明显。在区域新构造活动强烈的背景下,约中更新世末期中卫盆地开始抬升,黄河河道被固定,河流下切形成本区的最高阶地T3;约在70kaB.P.、8kaB.P.形成T2、T1阶地。(2)沙坡头黄河大拐弯是由香山—天景山断裂左旋走滑位错,以及水流受地球自转偏向力的河流内生动力共同作用的结果,并且河流的内生动力作用远大于前者的贡献。     

Reduction of bend scour with an air-bubble screen-morphology and flow patterns

The interplay between streamwise flow,curvature-induced secondary flow,sediment transport and bed morphology leads to the formation of a typical bar-pool bed morphology in open-channel bends.The associated scour at the outer bank and deposition at the inner bank may endanger the outer bank’s stability or reduce the navigable width of the channel.Previous preliminary laboratory experiments in a sharply curved flume with a fixed horizontal bed have shown that a bubble screen located near the outer bank can generate an additional secondary flow located between the outer bank and the curvature-induced secondary flow and with a sense of rotation opposite to the latter.This bubble-induced secondary flow redistributes velocities and bed shear stresses.The reported study investigates the implications of a bubble screen on the flow and the morphology in configurations with mobile bed.Velocity measurements show that the bubble-induced secondary flow shifts the curvature-induced secondary flow in inwards direction and reduces its strength.The bubble screen considerably reduces morphological gradients.Maximum bend scour is reduced by about 50%and occurs further away from the outer bank where it does not endanger the bank stability anymore.The location of maximum scour coincides with the junction of the curvature-induced and bubble-induced secondary flows.At this same location,the maximum streamwise velocities and maximum vertical velocities impinging on the bed also occur,which indicates their importance with respect to the formation of bend scour.The bubble screen also substantially reduced deposition at the inner bank.These preliminary experiments show the potential of a bubble screen to influence and modify the bed morphology.     

岩体流变情况下隧道合理支护时机的数值模拟

以广梧高速公路牛车顶隧道为工程背景,探讨岩体流变情况下隧道二衬支护时机确定的理论和数值计算方法。对比理论方法预测拱顶下沉时程曲线与现场实测结果,建立数值计算模型,分析隧道围岩应力释放系数对围岩稳定性的影响表明,理论方法预测拱顶下沉时程曲线与现场实测表现出相同的发展规律,并且二者得到的二衬支护时间基本相同,验证了理论方法的正确性。围岩应力随着掌子面推进而不断释放,III级围岩应力释放比较缓慢,空间效应比较明显;当开挖释放应力系数大于或等于60%时,整个围岩的松动区都大于锚喷加固范围,最终确定出二衬的合理支护时机,为工程实践提供参考。     

Flow-induced vegetation uprooting in a meandering bend:Experimental investigation

Vegetation uprooting is a complex process which depends on many interrelated factors. In this paper,attention is focused on the flow-induced uprooting in river bends, where the flow characteristics vary as effected by the channel’s curvature and its continuous changing in the downstream direction. Results are presented by an experimental work done in a high-amplitude meandering flume with mature herbaceous vegetation on the bed. In the first part of the paper, the variation along the bend of the...     

泡酸解卡技术在TZ4SH井的实践与认识

水平井卡钻采用泡酸解卡,在塔里木油田塔中区块被证明是最迅速有效的方式。该方法解决了一批水平井卡钻事故,解卡成功率达100%。TZ4SH井解卡作业创造了塔中泡酸解卡多个第一,第一次在非奥陶系地层进行泡酸解卡作业,第一次泡酸地层碳酸盐含量低于90%,第一次使用土酸作业但解卡失败,第一次泡酸作业中发生井壁失稳。实践表明,泡酸解卡不是将卡点的阻碍物完全溶解而是溶解部分阻碍物后使其松动,减弱其对钻具活动的影响。泡酸解卡不仅对卡点岩性及其含量有要求,还要求考虑卡点岩石的胶结强度、井壁稳定性等因素。     

A three dimensional model for water-sediment movement

A three-dimensional k-ε-Ap two-fluid turbulence model is proposed to study liquid-particle two-phase flow and bed deformation.By solving coupled liquid-phase and solid-phase governing equations in a finite-volume method,the model can calculate the movement of both water and sediment.The model was validated by water-sediment transport in a 180° channel bend with a movable bed.The validation concerns two-phase time-averaged velocities,bed deformation,water depth,depth-averaged streamwise velocity,cross-stream bed profiles,and two-phase secondary flow velocity vectors.The agreement between numerical results and experimental results was generally good.The comparisons of the numerical results of different models show that the three-dimensional k-ε-Ap two-fluid turbulence model has a relatively higher accuracy than one-fluid model.     

广西气象短信发布系统平台的构建及应用

介绍广西气象短信平台系统结构及各子系统的工作流程,分析运行以来的发展情况和前景展望。     

矿山虚拟现实中多细节层次模型的应用

本文叙述了多细节层次(LODs)相关应用,对基于LODs技术的不同数据库表达方式进行了详细阐述,分析了LODs中不同细节层次平滑切换缓冲技术的应用原理。首先对大庄矿虚拟中使用LODs技术,较好地解决了原模型浏览时视觉不连续和画面跳变的问题。接着用VRML编程实现网上发布模型的LODs,解决了在IE等浏览器中模型漫游时不连续的问题。