Swelling Behaviour of Expansive Shales from the Middle Region of Saudi Arabia

Severe and widespread damage in residential buildings, sidewalks and pavements in various parts of the middle region of Saudi Arabia is caused by the development of heave and swelling pressure in the expansive shales in the region. This paper presents the problems and the geotechnical and physicochemical properties of the tested shales. The swelling potential was determined using various methods. Swell tests were conducted under different loading conditions and following different procedures to quantify the amount of vertical swell and swelling pressure. The conventional one-dimensional oedometer swell tests were performed using three different procedures, namely, free swell, constant volume swell and swell overburden. In addition, swell tests were performed in the stress path triaxial apparatus. Tests under different vertical stresses and confinements were conducted. Vertical swell and swelling pressure obtained from the various methods were compared. The reliability of the different methods for estimation of swelling potential is discussed.     

MEASURING AND MODELLING OF SOIL WATER DYNAMICS AND RUNOFF GENERATION IN AN AGRICULTURAL LOESSIAL HILLSLOPE

Surface runoff may be generated when the rainfall intensity exceeds the infiltration capacity, or when the soil profile is saturated with water. Indications exist that both types of overland flow may occur in hilly agricultural loess regions. Here, for a loessial hillslope under maize in the southern part of The Netherlands, it was shown, with pressure head and runoff measurements, that Hortonian overland flow occurs during typical summer rain events. Surface runoff was initiated after saturation of the top 5–10 cm of the soil. Deeper in the soil, unsaturated conditions prevailed while runoff took place. Peak runoff discharges at the outlet of the subcatchment occurred a few minutes after peak rainfall intensities were measured. It appeared that SWMS_2D, a two-dimensional water flow model, was capable in simulating observed pressure head changes and runoff. Simulated potential runoff for the transect studied was higher by a magnitude of three than the measured areal average. This indicates effects of surface ponding, and the probable location of this particular transect in a region with high runoff production.     

“构造附加静水压力”及其应用

提出地壳任一点静水压力部分是由重力所附加的静水压力和由构造作用力所附加的静水压力叠合而成的。处在挤压变形带、剪切变形带到引张变形带（及地域）中岩石所承受的构造附加静水压力有逐次变小的规律性。构造叠加致使同一地壳深度的水平面上静水压力值不相等,这种压力梯度是流体及油气长距离水平运移的主要原因。建立岩石矿床形成深度的构造校正测算方法,并提出构造物理化学成矿的新认识。     

苏鲁造山带池庄超高压榴辉岩中变质脉:大陆俯冲带超临界流体活动的证据

高压-超高压变质岩中的变质脉能够反映俯冲带变质流体的组成和演化。为了探究大陆俯冲带超临界流体活动及伴随的元素迁移,本文系统地研究了苏鲁造山带南部江苏东海池庄地区的超高压榴辉岩及变质脉。变质脉主要是由石英、石榴石、绿辉石、多硅白云母、蓝晶石、黝帘石、金红石和锆石等矿物组成,与寄主榴辉岩的矿物组成类似。相比于榴辉岩,脉体中的石榴石更加富集重稀土元素(HREE);黝帘石强烈富集轻稀土元素(LREE)。变质脉和榴辉岩中各主要矿物的氧同位素组成在误差范围内一致(石英的δ18O分别为2.42‰和2.79‰;石榴石为-0.30‰和0.010‰;绿辉石为0.25‰和0.071‰),说明变质脉的形成与榴辉岩释放的内部流体有关。综合已有的研究,发现大别-苏鲁造山带不同地区的变质脉和榴辉岩具有极不均一的氧同位素组成,说明在陆壳深俯冲和折返过程中,流体活动有限。利用矿物温压计得到变质脉的峰期变质温压条件为692±65℃和3.6±0.3GPa,脉体中锆石U-Pb定年结果表明锆石的形成时代为218±2.4Ma,指示变质脉形成于深俯冲陆壳折返初期的超高压变质阶段。变质脉中矿物组合和矿物的主微量元素特征说明成脉流体富集Si、Al、Ca、K、LILE、REE和HFSE等元素,表明成脉流体可能是溶解能力极强的超临界流体。     

后压浆方案的技术可行性论证

从地层选择、效果预测、经济分析和施工应用４个方面对钻孔灌注桩后压浆方案进行可行性论证,并对承载力增幅进行了分析。     

海底孔压对波浪响应试验研究及数值模拟

孔隙水压力在海底土尤其在砂性海床中扮演着一个非常重要的角色.波浪的周期性加载作用,在砂土及粉土中产生超静孔隙水压力,其幅值大小是海床发生液化破坏的控制因素.在海上工程的历次调查中发现孔压引起许多液化破坏现象,如粉土海床的塌陷、凹坑、坡度较大处的粉砂流及构筑物基础周围的过量冲刷造成石油管架下沉等等,因此研究海床中孔压对波浪的响应具有重要的理论意义和实践意义.     

粉煤灰混凝土桩钻孔压灌工艺在软土地基上的应用

介绍了粉煤灰混凝土桩及钻孔压灌工艺的特点,指出了粉煤灰混凝土桩钻孔压灌工艺在软土地基施工中应注意的问题,并列举了２个工程实例。     

软基路堤拓宽静压PHC管桩挤土效应现场试验

PHC（prestressed high-strength concrete）管桩近年来被广泛应用。PHC管桩为挤土沉桩模式,沉桩过程引起的挤土效应对周围环境产生不利影响并对其可打性和承载特性有重要影响。结合广－清（广州至清远）高速公路扩建工程,通过现场监测超静孔隙水压力和土体水平位移,进行PHC管桩挤土效应研究。水平位移利用固定式测斜仪测量,孔隙水压力使用振弦式孔压计测量,并使用自动系统进行数据采集。研究发现,沉桩过程中引起的超静孔隙水压力变化随深度增加近似呈线性增长,水平方向随距离的增加而减小;挤土效应产生的土体水平位移随距离的增大而减小,随深度增加而减小;挤土效应滞后现象明显,可导致成桩后的桩体倾斜;拓宽地基场地上管桩施工对老路地基影响小,场地条件对沉桩挤土效应影响大,老路路堤对垂直于路基方向的水平位移有约束作用。     

某地区黑云角闪岩应力松弛特性研究

岩体工程失稳往往由工程岩体蠕变、应力松弛等时效力学行为下的损伤演化所致。本文以某坝基黑云角闪岩为研究对象,进行了2组单轴应力松弛试验,获取了不同应力条件下的应力松弛及其相应的应力松弛速率曲线。试验结果表明：根据应力松弛曲线形态可分为快速松弛,减速松弛及应力稳定3个阶段,应力松弛的演化与岩石裂隙的萌生和流变变形密切相关。在此基础上,提出了采用非线性Maxwell模型描述岩石应力松弛特性,模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。本文研究可为类似工程的长期安全稳定性研究提供理论依据。     

东北输油管道锦县,盖县,海城段地基土抗液化强度研究

对东北输油管道锦县，盖县，海城段的粉土细砂，中砂，粉砂进行了振动液化试验，取得了和类土的τｄ－ｌｏｇＮｆ曲线，τｄ／σ′－ｌｏｇＮｆ曲线，为在以上地区进行液化判别提供了重要的基础资料，同时也为研究其它的地区相同土质的振动性能提供借鉴。