裂隙网络模拟与REV尺度研究

研究了利用平面四边形模拟节理岩体三维裂隙网络的方法。在生成裂隙网络时,同时考虑结构面几何参数和力学参数的随机性。利用裂隙网络研究了确定岩体REV尺度的指标。在此基础上,编制了岩体裂隙网络模拟程序、裂隙网络图形输出程序和岩体REV尺度指标分析程序。通过算例分析,验证了研究成果及程序的合理性,并得出了岩体REV尺度约为各组裂隙中最大迹长期望值3~4倍的结论。研究成果为后续计算岩体等效力学参数奠定了基础。     

考虑岩体开挖卸荷边坡岩体质量评价

正确评价开挖后岩体质量并对其进行分类,对研究岩石边坡开挖卸荷后的稳定性有十分重要的意义。以某水电站坝肩高边坡开挖工程为背景,运用卸荷岩体力学的理论与方法,对坝肩边坡开挖岩体进行三维有限元分析。根据边坡岩体开挖后应力应变场的动态变化情况,确定岩体开挖卸荷后质量损伤劣化程度,并根据岩体开挖卸荷后的力学参数,采用RMR法对开挖后的边坡岩体质量进行评价。结果表明,边坡岩体RMR值随开挖后卸荷量的增大基本呈线性递减趋势,进而考虑开挖卸荷影响因素,修正了RMR法中的评价参数,为以后用该法评价开挖后的岩体质量提供参考。     

边坡岩体软弱夹层力学特性试验研究

采用自制试验装置,进行边坡岩体中的软弱夹层的力学特性试验。分析实测的剪应力-变形曲线发现,该曲线有明显的比例极限、屈服点和峰值点,表明在试件受力变形初期,剪切力-变形近似呈线性关系,剪切刚度为常量;随法向应力的增大,峰值剪应力呈线性增长,达到峰值强度之后,随剪切变形增大,抗剪强度变化不大,残余强度近似等于峰值强度,表明试样发生剪切破坏,其破坏类型呈“塑性”破坏型。软弱夹层的剪切变形可分为3个阶段,各个阶段的强度参数不同,对边坡工程来说,为保证其有足够的安全系数,建议软弱夹层强度参数取低值。根据试验结果得到的法向应力-压缩位移关系曲线近似呈双曲线型,当法向相对位移小于3.4 mm时与理论结果更为接近。     

阳江抽水蓄能电站岩体水压致裂综合测试与应用研究

阳江抽水蓄能电站的输水隧洞围岩承受最大静内水压力高达7.83MPa, 因此原地应力状态、围岩自身承载能力及高压透水性状等对工程的科学设计不可或缺。测量结果表明, 工程区现今地壳应力场的总体特征为:水平主应力为最大主应力, 最大水平主应力的优势方向为NW-NWW向; 厂房和高压岔管区围岩的最大主应力值一般为14.5±0.5MPa, 最小主应力值一般为9±0.5MPa; 围岩自身的抗载强度一般为10~14MPa; 在8~10MPa高压力作用下围岩基本不透水。洞室围岩物理力学参数的这些测试成果, 为工程的科学设计提供了可靠依据。      

浅谈中国后奥运时期选择性旅游的发展

大众旅游一直追求经济利益最大化给旅游接待地造成了严重的生态环境破坏,因此人们开始寻求新的旅游形式,选择性旅游应运而生。选择性旅游积极倡导真正意义上的生态旅游。该文研究的主要内容是中国在后奥运这样的特殊时期如何开展选择性旅游,选择性旅游一方面能尽量避免大众旅游所带来的生态环境破坏,另一方面能更好地适应各个国家不同旅游者到中国旅游求新求异的特点。通过对后奥运时期旅游趋势以及旅游市场的分析,中国在后奥运时期开展选择性旅游具有可行性。优先开展选择性旅游,可促进旅游的可持续性发展。     

岩体弹粘塑性显式波动有限元分析

真实反映地震动传播特性的分析方法是准确描述岩体地震反应的基础。基于显式波动有限元,采用能够考虑应变率影响的弹粘塑性本构模型,提出了一种用于分析岩体地震反应的新方法,编制了相应的计算程序。以均质岩石边坡为例,计算了EL-CENTRO波输入下边坡的位移和应力反应,并将计算结果与采用粘弹性本构模型的结果进行了比较,初步验证了程序的可靠性。计算结果表明,所提出的新方法能够较合理地计算出地震作用下边坡的永久位移和残余应力。      

MODELLING LONG‐TERM SUMMER AND WINTER BALANCES AND THE CLIMATE SENSITIVITY OF STORBREEN,NORWAY

Measurements of winter balance (b_w) and summer balance (b_s) have been carried out at Storbreen since 1949. Here we apply a simple mass balance model to study the climate sensitivity and to reconstruct the mass balance series priorto 1949. The model is calibrated and validated with data from an automatic weather station (AWS) operating in the ablation zone of Storbreen since 2001. Regression analysis revealed that b_w was best modelled using precipitation data southwest of the glacier. Results from the model compared well with reported mass balance values for the period 1949–2006, obtained correlations (r) for b_w and b_s varied between 0.83 and 0.87 depending on model set up. Reconstruction of the mass balance series for the period 1924/1925–1948/1949 suggested a cumulative mass deficit of c. 30 m w.e. mainly due to highly negative summer balances, but also lower b_wthan the average for 1949–2006. Calculated change in specific mass balance for a ±1°C change in air temperature was ±0.55 m w.e., whereas a ±10 % increase in precipitation represented a change of ±0.20 m w.e. Model results further indicated that for a 2°C warming, the ablation season will be extended by c. 30 days and that the period of ice melt at the AWS location will increase from c. 40 to c. 80 days.     

Non-equilibrium interphase heat and mass transfer during two-phase flow in porous media—Theoretical considerations and modeling

Mass and heat transfer occurring across phase-interfaces in multi-phase flow in porous media are mostly approximated using equilibrium relationships or empirical kinetic models. However, when the characteristic time of flow is smaller than that of mass or heat transfer, non-equilibrium situations may arise. Commonly, empirical approaches are used in such cases. There are only few works in the literature that use physically-based models for these transfer terms. In fact, one would expect physical approaches to modeling kinetic interphase mass and heat transfer to contain the interfacial area between the phases as a variable. Recently, a two-phase flow and solute transport model was developed that included interfacial area as a state variable [36]. In that model, interphase mass transfer was modeled as a kinetic process.     

Preliminary attempt to distinguish the domesticated pigs from wild boars by the methods of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis

Despite great achievements in the origins of domestic pigs made by the methods of zooarchaeology and molecular biology, how to scientifically distinguish the domesticated pigs from wild boars during the early stage of pig domestication is still poorly understood. Compared to wild boar’s diets which come from the natural environment, the diets of domestic pigs are more easily influenced by human feeding activities. Therefore, in principle, exploration of the dietary differences among pigs and under-standing the impact on pig diets fed by humans can have great potential to differentiate between wild boars and domesticated pigs. To reveal dietary differences among pigs and distinguish the domesticated pigs from wild boars based on comparison with the diets of humans and other animals, we analyzed the carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of human bones from Xiaojingshan Site and animal bones from Yuezhuang Site, both of which belong to Houli Culture in Shandong Province and date to about 8500-7500 years ago. The mean δ¹³C value ((−17.8 ± 0.3)‰) and δ¹⁵N value ((9.0±0.6)‰) in human collagen indicate that although millet agriculture began it was not the main subsistence strategy as millets are typical of C₄ plants and that humans made a living mainly by gathering, hunting or raising some domesticated animals. The δ¹³C value (−16.1‰) and δ¹⁵N value (6.9‰) in the bovine suggest that C₃ plants were dominant in its diet with some C₄ plants complemented. The fish has lower δ¹³C value (−24.9‰) and higher δ¹⁵N value (8.8‰) than the bovine, which is the characteristic of the isotopic values from Eurasian freshwater fish. Based on the differences in carbon and nitrogen isotope values, the pigs can be divided into three groups. A group, composed of two pigs, has low δ¹³C values (−18.1‰, −20.0‰) and low δ¹⁵N values (4.7‰, 6.0‰). B group, only one pig, has the highest δ¹³C value (−10.6‰) and mediate δ¹⁵N value (6.4‰). As for the C group, also only one pig, low δ¹³C value (−19.0‰) and the highest δ¹⁵N value (9.1‰) are observed. Previous studies on the stable isotopes from modern or ancient wild boars’ bones have suggested that C₃ plants are predominated in their diets and that their δ¹⁵N values are close to those in herbivores and far from those in carnivores. Based on the comparison with the isotope values from humans, the wild boars and the domestic pigs from Xipo Site in Henan 6000-5500 years ago and Kangjia Site in Shaanxi 4500-4000 years ago, we conclude that A pig group belongs to wild boars while B and C groups can be attributed to domesticated pigs. Supported by Max-Planck Society and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KJCX3.SYW.N12), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40702003) and President Funding of Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences     

Geochemical changes across the Ordovician-Silurian transition on the Yangtze Platform,South China

The trace element and rare earth element (REE) variations across the Ordovician-Silurian succession are presented from two outcrop sections on the Yangtze Platform: the Nanbazi section, Guizhou Province, deposited in a shallow platform interior setting, and the Wangjiawan section, Hubei Province, deposited in a deeper basinal environment. Geochemical analysis of closely spaced samples through three intervals, the Wufeng, Guanyinqiao and Longmaxi, revealed vast palaeoceanographic changes. Some geochemical proxies, including Th/U, Ni/Co, V/Cr, and V/(V+Ni) ratios, together with sedimentary facies and biotic data, indicate that an anoxic condition on the most of the Yangtze Platform during the Wufeng and Longmaxi intervals, but an oxic condition during the Guanyinqiao time. The shift of the anoxic to the oxic environment during the Guanyinqiao time coincided with a global sea-level lowstand, in parallel with the global glaciation. The Longmaxian anoxic environment was a result of a global sea-level rise, which may be synchronized with a mainly catastrophic event in the latest Ordovician. Although the two sections generally show similar variation patterns of trace and REE concentrations and some element ratios, a minor difference occurs between the Wangjiawan and Nanbazi sections, likely reflecting a difference in depositional setting during the accumulation. Such an oceanic oxygen-level variation may add a useful constraint to the current arguments on the cause and consequence of the latest Ordovician mass extinction. Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2005CB422101)