Landscape pattern and transition under natural and anthropogenic disturbance in an arid region of northwestern China

There is a pressing need to determine the relationships between driving variables and landscape transformations. Human activities shape landscapes and turn them into complex assemblages of highly diverse structures. Other factors, including climate and topography, also play significant roles in landscape transitions, and identifying the interactions among the variables is critical to environmental management. This study analyzed the configurations and spatial-temporal processes of landscape changes from 1998 to 2011 under different anthropogenic disturbances, identified the main variables that determine the landscape patterns and transitions, and quantified the relationships between pairs of driver sets. Landsat images of Baicheng and Tekes from 1998, 2006 and 2011 were used to classify landscapes by supervised classification. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and variation partitioning were performed to identify the main driving forces and to quantify the unique, shared, and total explained variation of the sets of variables. The results indicate that the proportions of otherwise identical landscapes in Baicheng and Tekes were very different. The area of the grassland in Tekes was much larger than that of the cropland; however, the differences between the grassland and cropland in Baicheng were not as pronounced. Much of the grassland in Tekes was located in an area that was near residents, whereas most of the grassland in Baicheng was far from residents. The slope, elevation, annual precipitation, annual temperature, and distance to the nearest resident were strong driving forces influencing the patterns and transitions of the landscapes. The results of the variation partitioning indicated complex interrelationships among all of the pairs of driver sets. All of the variable sets had significant explanatory roles, most of which had both unique and shared variations with the others. The results of this study can assist policy makers and planners in implementing sustainable landscape management and effective protection strategies.     

Regional assessment of pan-Pacific urban environments over 25 years using annual gap free Landsat data

Urbanization and the associated change in land cover has been intensifying across the globe in recent decades. Regional studies on the rate and amount of urban expansion are critical for understanding how patterns of change differ within and among cities with varying structure and development characteristics. Yet spatially consistent and timely information on urban development is difficult to access particularly across international jurisdictions. Remote sensing based technologies offer a unique perspective on urban land cover with the data offering significant potential to urban studies due to its consistent and ubiquitous nature. In this research we applied a pixel-based image composite technique to generate annual gap-free surface reflectance Landsat composites from 1984 to 2012 for 25 urban environments across 12 countries in the Pacific Rim. Using time series composites, spectral indices were calculated and compared using a hexagonal grid ring model to assess changes in vegetative and urban patterns. Trajectories were then clustered to further investigate the spatio-temporal dynamics and relationships among the 25 cities. Performance of the clustering analyses varied depended on the temporal and spatial metrics however overall clustering results indicated relatively strong spatio-temporal similarities among a number of key cities. Three pairs of cities—Melbourne and Sydney; Tianjin and Manila; and Singapore City and Kuala Lumpur were found to be highly similar in their urban and vegetation dynamics temporally and spatially. In contrast Vancouver and Las Vegas had no similar analogous. This work demonstrates the value of utilising annual Landsat time series composites for assessing urban vegetation and urban dynamics at regional scales and potential use in sustainable urban planning, resources allocation, and policy making.     

SAR图像海岸线检测的区域距离正则化几何主动轮廓模型

合成孔径雷达(SAR)卫星遥感图像可以极大地提高全国海岸线覆盖频率,然而受到海洋波浪所引起的随机海水表面粗糙度的影响,海岸目标与海水背景边界易混淆不清,因此本文提出了基于区域距离正则化几何主动轮廓模型(RDRGAC),引入距离正则项,解决重复初始化水平集函数为符号距离函数的问题,提高了算法收敛速度。此外,将区域面积项系数与SAR图像等效视数(ENL)建立非线性拟合关系,实现RDRGAC模型根据不同SAR遥感图像的自适应调整,改善海岸线自动提取精度。通过河北省北戴河和大连市金州湾SAR数据海岸线提取对比试验,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

北斗卫星导航系统双差动力法精密定轨及其精度分析

针对GEO卫星切向轨道分量与双差模糊度强相关的问题,对经典双差动力法进行了改进,提出联合使用载波相位和相位平滑伪距实现北斗系统精密定轨,并从理论上分析了以上处理策略的可行性及对模糊度固定的影响,然后结合北斗系统精密定轨特点,推导给出了利用QIF方法实现北斗卫星双差模糊度固定的基本原理,实测数据分析表明:联合载波相位和相位平滑伪距,既可降低相关性,又可兼顾精度,定轨效果优于经典双差动力法;利用QIF方法能够取得一定的模糊度固定效果,但受观测条件限制,北斗卫星双差模糊度固定成功率整体不高,双差模糊度固定之后对轨道的改进作用有限。     

重力场对飞行器制导的影响及海洋重力测线布设

重点围绕远程飞行器飞行轨道控制保障需求,开展了空中扰动引力计算和地面重力异常测量精度指标及海洋重力测量测线布设方案的分析与论证。首先通过解析和简化飞行器导航误差解表达式,定量估计了地球重力场对远程飞行器飞行轨迹的影响,并以一定量值的落点偏差为限定指标,研究论证了空中扰动引力的计算精度要求。在此基础上,通过对地面重力异常截断误差及数据传播误差的估计和分析,研究确定了地面/海面网格平均重力异常的观测分辨率和计算精度指标。以此为依据,提出了相对应的海洋重力测量测线布设方案,并通过数值计算验证了所提方案的合理性和有效性。     

顾及周期项误差和起点偏差修正的北斗卫星钟差预报

根据北斗卫星导航系统星载原子钟自身的物理特性,采用武汉大学IGS数据中心发布的2016年1月1日至2016年11月1日共306天的事后钟差产品进行谱分析。分析结果表明:北斗卫星导航系统的3类卫星钟都存在一定的周期特性;其中GEO和IGSO卫星钟的主周期相对较为明显;GEO卫星钟的主周期依次为12、24、8和6h;IGSO的主周期为24、12、8和6h;而MEO的3个主周期为12.9、6.4和24h。依据各类原子钟的周期特性,同时对各天之间钟差的起始点偏差进行修正,并利用修正模型对北斗卫星钟差进行预报和精度分析。试验结果表明,改进的预报模型能显著提升北斗卫星的钟差预报精度,北斗卫星钟差24h、12h、6h的平均预报精度分别能达到6.55ns、3.17ns和1.76ns。     

回归-Elman网络在矿坝变形预测中的应用

金矿开展矿坝的变形监测工作,引入多层递阶回归分析模型,有较高的预测精度,但方法较繁琐,计算较复杂。由于变形数据可分离成趋势项与随机项,趋势项可用多元线性回归良好地拟合;随机项的预测,文中采用Elman网络建模计算,最后利用矿坝的实测高程位移数据进行验证,并与多层递阶回归进行比较。结果表明:回归-Elman网络模型比多层递阶回归的预测精度更高,效果更好,且方法简洁实用性强。     

基于 ArcG IS 和 Python 集成开发可达性分析工具的研究

为降低可达性度量的实现难度,弥补现有GIS软件没有集成可达性分析模型或方法的不足,在详尽分析有关模型或方法与GIS集成研究现状的基础上,提出以改进潜能模型作度量模型,按GIS内部集成方式,使用面向ArcGIS 10的Python脚本编程技术集成开发可达性分析工具的设想,对可达性潜能模型分析原理、工具开发环境配置、使用数据的预处理要求、工具的具体设计流程和实现方法等作了详细叙述。最后以评价某市小学教育资源空间布局合理性为例,阐述工具在实际应用中应采取的使用方法和流程,实例评价结果验证工具开发的有效性。     

机载LiDAR定位精度分析

介绍机载激光雷达测量技术,根据测量的几何原理推导定位方程。讨论定位的误差来源,建立误差模型并对误差影响进行分析。综合各项因素的影响,将模拟数据代入误差传播公式,计算定位精度。     

多源卫星重力场模型精度与频谱分析

针对新一代卫星重力探测技术对地球重力场的频谱贡献问题,该文提出了一种基于GPS/水准数据获取多源卫星重力场模型频谱变化特征的方法。采用GPS/水准外符合检验,有效分析评估了多源卫星重力场模型在中国东、西部地区的精度水平。研究结果表明,以CHAMP、GRACE和GOCE卫星为代表的高-低卫星跟踪卫星、低-低卫星跟踪卫星和卫星重力梯度技术,对地球重力场的频谱贡献分别集中在600km以上的长波和中长波、300km以上的中波、200~350km之间的中短波部分。