Subaquatic slope instabilities: The aftermath of river correction and artificial dumps in Lake Biel (Switzerland)

River engineering projects are developing rapidly across the globe, drastically modifying water courses and sediment transfer. Investigation of the impact of engineering works focuses usually on short-term impacts, thus a longer-term perspective is still missing on the effects that such projects have. The ‘Jura Water Corrections’ – the largest river engineering project ever undertaken in Switzerland – radically modified the hydrological system of Lake Biel in the 19th and 20th Century. The deviation of the Aare River into Lake Biel more than 140 years ago, in 1878, thus represents an ideal case study to investigate the long-term sedimentological impacts of such large-scale river rerouting. Sediment cores, along with new high-resolution bathymetric and seismic reflection datasets were acquired in Lake Biel to document the consequences of the Jura Water Corrections on the sedimentation history of Lake Biel. Numerous subaquatic mass transport structures were detected on all of the slopes of the lake. Notably, a relatively large mass transport complex (0·86 km²) was observed on the eastern shore, along the path of the Aare River intrusion. The large amount of sediment delivered by the Aare River since its deviation into the lake likely caused sediment overloading resulting in subaquatic mass transport. Alternatively, the dumping since 1963 in a subaquatic landfill of material excavated during the second phase of river engineering, when the channels flowing into and out of Lake Biel were widened and deepened, might have triggered the largest mass transport, dated to 1964 or 1965. Additional potential triggers include two nearby small earthquakes in 1964 and 1965 (M_W 3·9 and 3·2, respectively). The data for this study indicate that relatively large mass transports have become recurrent in Lake Biel following the deviation of the Aare River, thus modifying hazard frequency for the neighbouring communities and infrastructure.     

Simulation of geomembrane response to settlement in landfills by using the material point method

Because of the multiple layers of dissimilar materials and large deformations involved in the subsidence of a landfill system, large-scale computer simulation of the geomechanical response to subsidence with the use of conventional numerical methods are problematic. The Material Point (MPM), which was recently developed for dynamic problems such as penetration and perforation, is a newly emerging numerical method. The MPM is modified in this paper to simulate the geomechanical response of a landfill cover system that includes a geomembrane under quasi-static loading conditions. Sample problems, for which an analytical solution is available with certain assumptions, are considered to demonstrate the proposed solution procedure. Future work is discussed based on current research results. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

封顶覆盖黄土气体渗透特性测试及填埋气一维运移分析

黄土在我国西北地区广泛分布,是当地垃圾填埋场封顶覆盖层的主要材料,该材料的气体渗透特性直接影响了覆盖层对填埋气释放的控制效果。利用渗析技术和自制的气体渗透系数测量装置,模拟和测试了干湿气象条件下覆盖黄土服役含水率变化及其对气体渗透系数的影响,并建立填埋气在垃圾体和覆盖层中的一维稳态运移模型,分析了覆盖层气体渗透系数和抽气速率对填埋气释放控制效果的影响。研究结果表明：渗析技术能有效模拟覆盖黄土服役含水率的变化,压实黄土试样的气体渗透系数介于10-17～10-12 m2量级,随服役含水率的增加而降低,且对于压实度比较高的黄土降低得更加明显;覆盖层底部的填埋气压随气体渗透系数的减小而增大,通过覆盖层下部的气体扩散层负压抽气等措施,可有效减小覆盖层底部气压和填埋气的释放量。     

Experimental Study of Factors Controlling Sorption of Heavy Metals on Ariake Clay and Implication for Practice

A series of batch tests have been presented to investigate the effects of solid-solution contact time, solid:solution ratio, and pH of solution on sorption of Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ on Ariake clay from Kyushu region of Japan. The results show that, among the three investigated factors, solid:solution ratio (SD/SN) seems to be the crucial controlling factor. The Freundlich sorption parameters determined from the batch tests were applied to a typical field landfill in which the Ariake clay was used as soil barrier. The impacts of the landfill were assessed by numerical analysis. Based on the analysis result, the significance of selecting proper solid:solution ratio for determining sorption parameters from batch test has been discussed.     

城市垃圾填埋场振动台试验的数值模拟研究

对填埋场振动台模型试验进行非线性数值分析,并与试验结果相互补充、印证,进一步考察填埋场的地震响应规律。研究表明,特殊的夹层结构形式导致水平地震作用下城市垃圾填埋场存在两个主要的响应频率,在这两个主要频率附近模型顶部取得峰值加速度响应;不考虑其他因素的影响,填埋场防渗层的地震永久位移与输入地震动的水平位移振幅近似呈正比关系;坡比是影响填埋场覆盖层和衬垫层永久位移最主要的因素。     

生活垃圾填埋过程中的沉降分析与计算

结合生活垃圾PTH蠕变方程式中的相关参数,依据重庆市长生桥垃圾卫生填埋场的填埋工艺和填埋方案,得出填埋历程与填埋高度的关系曲线。通过与土压缩理论计算方法相比较发现,土压缩理论中参数选取主要以经验为主,假设条件也与实际情况不符,而PTH蠕变模型中各参数均可由室内压缩蠕变试验得出,依据充分。计算表明,重庆市长生桥垃圾卫生填埋场在填埋过程中产生的沉降达25.72%,在容量估算中如果忽略这一数据则会对填埋场的经济性分析产生一定影响。     

地表水入渗对垃圾填埋场水质水量影响的数值模拟分析

将填埋垃圾视作一种特殊土体,建立了综合描述垃圾填埋场内渗滤液水分的饱和-非饱和渗流、垃圾土体沉降变形、有机污染物的释放、迁移、转化,以及微生物的生长、衰减等物理化学过程的多场耦合仿真分析模型,将任意的Lagrangian- Eulerian（ALE）方法引入到模型求解中,基于自行开发的仿真分析程序,开展了地表水入渗对垃圾填埋场水质、水量影响的数值仿真分析研究。模拟结果表明：300 d的非饱和水分入渗及内源水产生可使填埋单元内渗滤液饱和液面最高达6 m;地表水入渗对水相可溶性可降解有机物浓度和厌氧微生物浓度具有显著的影响,并间接地影响固相可溶性可降解有机物和微生物的浓度分布。     

垃圾填埋场衬垫系统穿刺性能评价

垃圾中含有铁、玻璃和陶瓷等尖锐物,在荷载作用下极有可能使衬垫系统发生破坏,导致渗滤液流入地下污染周边环境,如何正确评价衬垫系统的穿刺性能很重要。考虑材料的抗拉强度、厚度以及穿刺棒的直径提出了衬垫系统穿刺力的评价公式,并与试验结果进行了比较。结果表明,单层土工膜的抗穿刺力试验结果与评价值比较吻合,但由土工膜与无纺布组成的衬垫系统抗穿刺力的试验值与评价结果有一定偏差;土工膜与无纺布一起使用能大幅度提高衬垫系统的抗穿刺能力,因此土工膜上应铺设无纺布有利于保护衬垫系统;土工膜的抗拉强度越大,抗穿刺能力越强;基础的存在能在一定程度上提高衬垫系统的抗穿刺性能。所得结果对垃圾填埋场衬垫系统的设计具有一定的指导意义     

Groundwater monitoring strategies for variable contaminant migration boundaries

Abstract

Detection efficiencies of alternative groundwater monitoring networks were evaluated in relation to distance to a buffer zone (contaminant migration) boundary. This boundary establishes a distance limit within which contaminant plumes should pass through monitoring wells, located on curvilinear segments (monitoring loci) near a waste storage facility. Alternative strategies allocated monitoring wells to loci at specified distances, measured parallel to groundwater flow, from the downgradient boundaries of a landfill. One approach constrained wells to equal spacing, measured perpendicular to groundwater flow. Compressing well locations 10% closer to the downgradient corner of the landfill rendered alternative monitoring configurations. Computations by a monitoring efficiency model indicated: (a) networks largely maintained detection efficiency for different contaminant migration boundaries; (b) one network most efficiently attained a target detection capability for all contaminant migration boundaries; and (c) compressed networks slightly outperformed equal-spaced counterparts. Compressed networks with more wells along closer monitoring loci best maintained the detection efficiency when shifting the contaminant migration boundary closer to the landfill. Procedures described in this paper may be useful for examining trade-offs between monitoring efficiency and distance limits of contaminant travel at landfills posing potential hazards to underlying groundwater.     

淮安市垃圾填埋场地质特征及其防渗评价

正确分析评价垃圾填埋场的地质特征和防渗方案,对垃圾填埋场的选址、设计以及施工运营极为重要。从自然环境、地层结构及岩性特征等方面阐述了淮安市某垃圾填埋场的地质特征,分析了填埋区含水层分布、厚度、赋水性等水文地质条件;结合室内试验和野外试验,综合确定了填埋区岩土层渗透系数大于1×10^-7cm／s,表明填埋区不具备天然防渗的条件,需采用人工防渗系统才能有效的阻滞垃圾渗滤液对周边环境的影响。