Reef to island sediment connections on a Maldivian carbonate platform: using benthic ecology and biosedimentary depositional facies to examine island‐building potential

Reef islands are low‐lying accumulations of unconsolidated sediment formed from the skeletal remains of carbonate‐producing reef organisms and are therefore perceived as highly vulnerable to environmental change. However, basic elements of island composition are not well described and given their high inter‐ and intra‐basinal variability a better understanding of reef and island sedimentary environments (and the connections between them) are needed to predict future morphological response. Here, we use detailed ecological and sedimentological datasets to delineate key sediment production zones and biosedimentary depositional facies across the surface of Vabbinfaru platform, Maldives. Field measurements of platform hydrodynamics are applied to sedimentary deposits to determine the potential mobility of grains and identify transport pathways. Carbonate production was dominated by coral framework (mean: 52%) within a narrow zone on the outer reef rim (22% of platform area) resulting in coral‐rich detrital sediments (reef: 51%, island: 64%) that closely resemble living assemblages. The net transfer of sediment occurred lagoonward by wave‐driven processes leading to a decrease in grain size towards the island (R² = 0.502) which acts as a major control on depositional facies development within the lagoon. Island sediments were distinct from reefal deposits, comprising a restricted suite of durable sands (mean: 1.34?) throughout long‐term development. Our findings suggest that the production, breakdown and redistribution of coral‐derived sediment by platform currents is fundamental to future island stability at Vabbinfaru, and although alterations away from current ecological states may reduce sediment supply, the timescales over which island morphological response will occur depends upon phase lags between initial coral mortality and the conversion of this material into island‐grade sand. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

滕州郭庄煤矿十二采区第十下层灰岩水赋存规律及涌水量预测

采区涌水量是采区排水系统设计的依据,涌水量的准确与否,直接涉及到采区开采的安全。该文对十,层灰岩的涌水规律、补给条件进行了分析,并采用比拟法及大井法对采区涌水量进行了计算,预计了采区正常涌量和最大涌水量,为采区排水设计提供依据。     

南海第三纪生物礁分布与古构造和古环境

南海是一个具有特殊大地构造背景的区域，该区的第三纪生物礁主要发育在南海北部、南部和西部边缘的新生代沉积盆地中。对生物礁的分布规律以及相应的古构造和古环境研究证实，该区第三纪生物礁生长发育位置明显地受古构造控制，成礁期大型古河流体系对生物礁的生长和分布有较大影响，这些认识对南海生物礁油气藏的勘探、完善生物礁研究理论具有重要的意义和使用价值。     

南沙海区珊瑚礁灰岩纵波波速特征及其影响因素 *

珊瑚礁灰岩是孔隙结构复杂、密度变化较大的一类岩石, 但过去对珊瑚礁灰岩纵波波速与孔隙结构的关系及其影响因素研究不够深入。本文测定和分析了南沙海区某岛礁钻孔中珊瑚礁灰岩的纵波波速、孔隙度以及密度特征, 结果显示礁灰岩的纵波波速变化范围为5104~5958m·s^-1, 孔隙度变化范围为1.47%~17.7%, 密度变化范围为2.07~ 2.72g·cm^-3。这些特征表明, 埋藏后的压实作用和重结晶作用, 对珊瑚礁灰岩的孔隙度和密度产生影响。珊瑚礁灰岩弹性波速主要受孔隙度和孔隙结构类型的影响, 礁灰岩横、纵波速比值能有效地确定岩体的结构和稳定性, 因此礁灰岩的声学特性研究成果可为珊瑚岛礁工程建设的稳定性评估提供可靠的数据支撑。     

重金属铜污染对石珊瑚生长影响的实验研究

分布于热带海洋的珊瑚礁是重要的生态学资源.受全球环境变化和人类活动的影响,珊瑚礁正处于退化之中,其中重金属污染是人类活动影响珊瑚礁的重要方面.国际上不少研究初步探索了珊瑚对一定浓度重金属的响应,我国类似的研究尚不多.本文通过72h的急性毒性测试,研究重金属Cu2+污染对6科7属石珊瑚的影响,以了解重金属污染对石珊瑚所造成的伤害和石珊瑚对Cu2+污染的生态反应.实验结果显示,随着Cu2+浓度的增加,与珊瑚共生的虫黄藻密度呈现先短暂上升而后持续下降的趋势,直致珊瑚白化;Cu2+污染对块状滨珊瑚毒性影响最大,在浓度超过40·7μg·L-1时即致其死亡.Cu2+污染胁迫下所有试验珊瑚的触手伸展活动都出现异常,显示Cu2+污染对珊瑚生存有明显的影响.     

中街山列岛海洋保护区岛礁生境鱼类资源及群落多样性季节变化

根据2011年2、5、8、11月(I年度)和2012年2、5、8、11月(II年度)对中街山列岛海洋保护区4个采样带的定置刺网调查数据,结合多样性、相对资源丰度、相对重要性指数、更替和迁移指数,对该保护区的鱼类组成、多样性特征和群落稳定性进行了分析。各季节调查共采集鱼类58种,隶属8目31科48属,其中,鲈形目鱼类26种,占44.8%。保护区鱼类以暖温性和暖水性为主,趋礁性鱼类占所有种类的79%;底层、近底层和中上层鱼类各为21、23和14种,其中褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)、皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belengerii)和鳀(Engraulis japonicus)分别为各水层的绝对优势种,褐菖鲉在秋季和冬季对丰度贡献最大,而鳀在春季和夏季对丰度贡献最大。对群落多样性和稳定性的分析显示,Margalef丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性和更替指数均为夏季最高,冬季最低;Pielou均匀度呈现相反特点,且在冬季与夏季差异极显著(P0.01)。研究结果表明:中街山列岛海洋保护区鱼类生物量受温度影响较大,鱼类群落组成格局主要受季节变化影响,过度捕捞导致了岛礁生境鱼类多样性下降,因此,需加快海洋牧场建设和加强岛礁生境的管理工作。     

珊瑚礁环境质量变化的价值评估——以涠洲岛为例

以涠洲岛为例,使用非市场价值评估手段对涠洲岛珊瑚礁环境质量进行了非使用价值评估,分析了珊瑚礁环境质量变化所产生的价值损益。2012年在涠洲岛通过模拟3种珊瑚礁环境质量变化,对上岛游客进行调访,游客从影响珊瑚礁环境质量的珊瑚礁覆盖度、珊瑚礁种类以及海水能见度3方面进行考虑,选择最终旅游目的地,共调查300位游客,收集有效数据900份。应用随机效应理论和混合对数模型进行分析和评估,结果显示,当涠洲岛珊瑚礁环境质量提升时,将会人均获益399元/年;当涠洲岛珊瑚礁环境质量略有下降时,将会损失人均561元/年;而当珊瑚礁环境质量下降较大时,人均损失将达到918元/年。同时,本研究的成果可以推广到其它海岛以及陆地进行环境质量变化评估,并且可以评估未来气候变化条件下对珊瑚礁生态系统的价值损失。     

三亚蜈支洲岛海洋牧场近岛区底表大型底栖动物群落结构及评价

三亚蜈支洲岛海洋牧场拥有丰富的岛礁生物资源。为掌握海洋牧场近岛区的底表大型底栖动物群落组成和分布特征及其影响因子、评估海洋牧场底栖生态系统健康状况, 本研究于2020—2021年进行了底表大型无脊椎动物群落季节变动的调查。结果表明: 近岛珊瑚礁区共鉴定出棘皮动物、软体动物、节肢动物3大门类90种, 其中秋季种类数最多为55种, 夏季种类数最少为16种; 底表大型底栖动物的年平均丰度为0.87±0.26ind.·m^-2, 年平均生物量为76.99±34.32g·m^-2。群落聚类分析(cluster)与多维排序尺度分析(multidimensional Scaling, MDS)表明, 该区域群落结构季节性差异不显著, 各站位间群落结构受沉积物性质以及人类活动的频繁程度的影响, 形成北部与南部区域2个聚类组。全年的物种丰富度指数d为2.7±1.16, 多样性指数H′为3.14±0.88, 均匀度指数J为0.76±0.11。基于多样性指数H'及多变量海洋生物指数(Multivariate-AZTI′s marine biotic index, M-AMBI)评价指标, 海洋牧场近岛区环境除夏季为轻度污染外, 其他季节均为无污染状态。采用动物丰度与生物量比较曲线(abundance-biomass curves, ABC曲线)法评价底栖动物群落稳定性状况得出, 除冬季以外, 其他季节底表大型底栖动物群落受到一定程度干扰, 尤其是夏季群落结构稳定性较低。建议应持续关注底表大型底栖动物群落变动, 调整、优化涉海休闲旅游活动, 以保证蜈支洲岛海洋牧场生态系统的长期健康与稳定。     

20 年来涠洲岛珊瑚礁物种多样性演变特征研究

综合2007年10～11月、2008年4～5月布置的6条主剖面20条分断面的调查结果,涠洲岛珊瑚礁共出现石珊瑚10科22属46种,9个未定种,该调查区以角蜂巢珊瑚属(Favites)、滨珊瑚属(Porites)、蔷薇珊瑚属(Montipora)为优势类群,各主剖面的优势类群分布各有差异,以西南部的W2主剖面、东北部的W5主剖面的珊瑚礁属种最多,均为8科13属;涠洲岛珊瑚礁属级多样性指数H′值和均匀度指数E值均呈现东北部W5西南部W2东南部W6西南部W1西北部W3北部W4的规律,H′值差异明显,E值变化不大;其珊瑚礁群落近20 a来受到全球气候事件及区域人为活动的影响,整体呈现出衰退迹象,处于缓慢恢复状态。衰退表现在:从20世纪60年代至21世纪初期的珊瑚礁优势种群的组合变化,由较多的优势属种组合演化到相对少的优势属种组合。一直占据优势的鹿角珊瑚种群出现退化,从顶级优势类群降级更替;珊瑚礁属种的多形态组合向相对简单形态组合的演变;历年来珊瑚礁伴生生物的资料(主要是鱼群数量、海参等)显示,涠洲岛珊瑚礁群落生物多样性呈现衰退态势;从2001年至今连续的珊瑚礁健康调查(Reef Check)资料显示,该区石珊瑚礁曾大面积死亡尚未完全恢复。从涠洲岛20 a珊瑚礁多样性演变过程研究发现,影响因素主要包括全球性极端气候、区域性气候变化及不合理的破坏性人类活动影响等因素。     

Effects of geomorphological zones, reefs and seasons on coral reef fish communities of Réunion Island, Mascarene Archipelago, SW Indian Ocean

The present work analyses the spatial and temporal fluctuations of fish communities on Réunion coral reef flats on three different reefs, each comprising three geomorphological zones, over eight seasons within a 6-year period. These three reefs are subjected to different environmental conditions and displayed various percentages of live coral cover. Our objectives were not only to describe the spatio-temporal patterns, but also to organize the factors involved in variation hierarchically, and to quantify the degree of community structuring that could be monitored over various spatial and temporal scales. We also focus on fish guilds to link the spatio-temporal patterns not only to species but also to the roles fish are playing (mainly involving trophic activity). We found that spatial attributes strongly determined fish distribution, with intra-reefal zones (back-reef, inner reef flat and outer reef flat) playing a much more important role than the different reefs. This suggests that the percentage of live coral cover of a given reef was less significant than its morpho-structural organization to explain fish distribution. Seasons had only a weak role in fish distribution, although fish communities were significantly more homogeneous in winter than in summer, possibly due to the arrival of numerous juveniles belonging to various species during summer settlement events. We also identified a marked temporal persistence of the spatial patterns found over the course of the study. This is discussed in relation to the current trend of increased surface seawater temperatures involved in the possible future increase in number/intensity of ENSO events. We consider the average squared Euclidian distance as a candidate for monitoring tools to quantify future changes in fish community structuring.