地下水中氯代烃的格栅水处理技术

挥发性氯代烃是地下水中检出率较高的有机污染物 ,同时也是饮用水氯气消毒的副产物 ,而它对人体的危害也已经得到了USEPA等机构的认同。文中主要从格栅材料、降解机理、影响还原性脱氯效率的因素、实际工程中应注意的问题以及发展方向等方面 ,对地下水中挥发性氯代烃的处理技术进行了阐述 ,介绍了格栅处理地下水中挥发性氯代烃的最新进展和实际意义 ,提出了格栅系统的实际应用潜力和存在的问题 ,特别是双金属系统的催化机理和催化剂失活问题 ,给国内这方面的研究者提供思路。     

新场气田地表还原环境的形成及其对生态环境的影响

油气田烃类的垂向微渗漏造成上覆地层的还原环境,油气田的开采则加剧了还原环境的形成。对新场气田还原环境的形成进行了研究,初步探讨了这种还原环境的形成机制;并从与油气渗漏有关的微生物、气田地表黄铁矿的分析、井水中水溶烃的分析三方面来说明气田地表的还原环境的形成。气田烃类渗漏将对当地生态环境的造成一定影响。     

有机氯农药的零价铁脱氯降解研究进展

结合氯代有机物的零价铁脱氯降解研究进展,综述了国内外在零价铁脱氯降解有机氯农药领域的研究情况,大多研究表明零价铁降解有机氯农药的反应符合准一级反应动力学方程,普遍认同氢解反应机理但尚有争议,研究降解过程需考虑溶液pH值和铁表面活性作用的影响,尤其是铁表面的吸附作用不可忽略。最后提出了该技术存在的一些值得思考的问题,探讨了该研究领域的发展前景。     

氯代有机物的降解研究

对含氯类有机物的降解进行研究,提出,氯代烷烃的降解主要采用双金属体系法;氯代芳香烃的降解多采用光催化氧化法;对于氯代酚类则采用催化臭氧氧化法、超声波降解法等.     

煅烧铝柱撑蒙脱石材料结合态Fe(Ⅱ)对邻硝基苯酚的还原转化研究

通过铝盐与蒙脱石(Na-Mt)反应制备了铝柱撑蒙脱石(Al-Mt),同时采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)对在不同温度(200~600℃)下煅烧获得的铝柱撑蒙脱石产物(At-Mt-X)进行表征。探讨Fe(Ⅱ)与Al-Mt-X所形成的复合系统对邻硝基苯酚(2-NP)的吸附-还原降解行为,包括铝柱撑蒙脱石的煅烧温度、煅烧铝柱撑蒙脱石的表面酸位变化以及溶液pH值等条件对邻硝基苯酚还原转化的影响。结果表明,由于随着煅烧温度的升高,煅烧铝柱撑蒙脱石表面酸性位点会逐渐减少,使得其对Fe(Ⅱ)的还原性能增强;煅烧温度高于500℃时,煅烧改性产物与Fe(Ⅱ)形成的Fe(Ⅱ)/煅烧铝柱撑蒙脱石复合系统显著提高了Fe(Ⅱ)物种的还原活性,因而有效增强对2-NP的还原降解。此外,Fe(Ⅱ)/煅烧铝柱撑蒙脱石复合系统对2-NP的还原降解符合准一级反应动力学方程,表观速率常数(k)随pH值和铝柱撑蒙脱石煅烧温度的升高而增大。作为一种功能性矿物材料,煅烧铝柱撑蒙脱石在缺氧环境下能有效促进吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)物种对污染物的还原降解,煅烧温度与pH值是其中两个重要的制约因素。     

Key genes expression of reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle from deep-sea hydrothermal chemolithoautotrophic Caminibacter profundus in response to salinity, pH and O2

CO2 fixation pathway of Caminibacter profundus, a chemolithoautotrophic -Proteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vent, was determined and characterized by genetic and enzymatic analyses. Gene expression of key enzymes for CO2 fixation in response to salinity, pH and O2 in Medium 829 were also investigated. The results demonstrate that C. profundus contained aclB, porA and oorA, the genes encoding key enzymes of reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle. However, genes fragments of cbbL and cbbM encoding key enzyme of Calvin cycle were not recovered. Key enzymatic activities of ATP citrate lyase (ACL), pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (POR) and 2-oxoglutarate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (OOR) were also present in C. profundus. The combination of genetic and enzymatic analyses confirm that C. profundus adopted rTCA cycle for carbon assimilation. The results of aclB and oorA relative expressions of C. profundus demonstrate that the ranges of environmental factors for high genes expression were sea salt 3.0%-5.0% (optimum 3.0%), pH 5.0-6.5(optimum pH 6.5), anaerobic to microaerobic conditions (optimum 1.0% O2 ). Gene expression patterns under different conditions show similar patterns with bacterial growth, revealing that key rTCA cycle genes provided molecular basis for bacterial growth and propagation. Our results suggest that C. profundus could regulate key genes of rTCA cycle for carbon assimilation and energy metabolism in response to environmental fluctuations in hydrothermal vent.     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗及邻区二叠纪暗色泥岩微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征

对泥岩微量元素系统分析表明,额济纳旗及邻区二叠纪整体为半咸水环境;纵向上,二叠纪水体盐度逐渐降低,海水逐渐淡化的过程与裂谷盆地演化消亡的过程同步;横向上,东部（雅干以东）古盐度明显高于西部（北山地区）,这与区内水体东深西浅的沉积古地理格局有关,与古生物分布特征反映的古盐度一致。综合泥岩V/V+Ni、Ceanom分析,认为区内二叠纪整体为缺氧、还原环境,该环境有利于有机质保存;区内水体的还原性西强东弱,北强南弱,其特征控制着该区有机质的分布,这对进一步寻找潜在有利烃源岩具有一定的指导意义。综合泥岩稀土元素配分模式及野外地质调查资料分析表明,区内泥岩的原始物质应来自上地壳,其母岩可能为花岗岩和粘土岩的混合成因。     

Natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents: a comparative study

Sites contaminated by chlorinated solvents have been investigated. Sites Dolni Tresnovec and Zetor located in Czech Republic exhibit relatively reducing conditions. Primary chlorinated solvents are attenuated by reductive dechlorination processes, and plumes have probably reached steady-state at Zetor site. Terminal electron accepting processes (TEAP) are ferric iron reduction and sulfate reduction at respective Dolni Tresnovec and Zetor sites. Source of organic matter at Dolni Tresnovec site is the waste deposited at local landfill. At Zetor site reducing conditions are linked to the petroleum hydrocarbons spill from broken pipeline. In contrast, site Dubnica in Slovak Republic exhibits oxidizing conditions, and natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents occurs mostly by dispersion. Modeling by the program BIOCHLOR indicated formation of steady-state plumes close to source at Zetor site, much longer steady-state plumes at Dolni Tresnovec site, and extremely long plumes at Dubnica site. Results demonstrate an important role of redox conditions in natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents.     

内蒙古边家大院锡多金属矿床成矿岩体岩石地球化学特征及成矿潜力评价

内蒙古边家大院锡多金属矿床是大兴安岭南段多金属成矿带的代表性矿床之一,其西矿区主要发育斑岩型Sn-Cu-Mo矿体,矿体发育于石英斑岩体内。文章通过对石英斑岩开展全岩地球化学、锆石Hf同位素以及锆石微量元素地球化学分析研究,确定了该含矿岩体岩浆性质、来源及演化历史,探讨了成岩成矿关系,并进一步评估了该岩体成锡、铜矿潜力。研究表明,边家大院石英斑岩为准铝质-弱过铝质,高钾钙碱性花岗岩。稀土元素具有轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损,Eu负异常明显的特征。微量元素具有富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素的特征。结合其较低的Zr/Hf和Nb/Ta比值以及较高的Rb/Sr比值判断其经历了高分异结晶演化。根据锆石微量元素地球化学特征,确定边家大院石英斑岩源于还原性（ΔFMQ-0.15）、高温贫水（> 750oC）岩浆。边家大院石英斑岩ε_Hf（t）为-0.86~5.99,T_DM2=809~1240 Ma,为中元古代-新元古代年轻地壳部分熔融形成。根据锆石微量元素Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺,Ce_N/Ce_N*,Ce/Nd和Eu_N/Eu_N*指针性比值及岩浆特性判断,该石英斑岩有利于锡金属富集成矿,而成铜钼矿潜力小。