东海原甲藻与塔玛亚历山大藻种群增长过程与种间竞争研究

针对我国东海2种重要赤潮肇事生物东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)和塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexan-drium tamarense)进行了种群增长过程和种间竞争的实验研究。结果表明,单种培养时,不同氮磷比对东海原甲藻和亚历山大藻种群增长过程没有明显的影响,但是会影响其最终的细胞密度;在混合培养时,营养盐组成比例不同对东海原甲藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的种间竞争过程有影响,但不会影响其最后竞争结果。竞争物种的细胞起始密度对种间竞争结果有明显的影响,P.donghaiense和A.tamarense的接种细胞密度比为2 000∶100和2 000∶200时,东海原甲藻占优势;当接种细胞密度比为4 000∶400时,塔玛亚历山大藻占优势。     

2012年三沙湾米氏凯伦藻赤潮的生态特征及成因分析

为了理清米氏凯伦藻赤潮形成与环境因素的关系,掌握其发生、发展规律,本文分析了2012年春末夏初三沙湾海域米氏凯伦藻赤潮期间的气象、水文和营养盐情况,并结合室内模拟培养实验,探讨了米氏凯伦藻赤潮形成与各环境因素的相关性。结果显示米氏凯伦藻赤潮通常发生在温度为20.5~25.0℃和盐度为24.3~32.3的海域,其细胞生长的最适温度和最适盐度分别为:22.0~25.0℃和26.0~30.0;Pearson相关性分析显示,米氏凯伦藻细胞密度与叶绿素a、无机磷、化学需氧量呈极显著正相关,与透明度、氨氮呈显著负相关;另外,米氏凯伦藻对磷酸盐的需求较低,其赤潮的形成可能主要受水体中氨氮的影响。基于现场调查和模拟实验结果,综合分析认为稳定的水文和气象条件、发生前期降雨输入的无机氮,以及由于持续阴雨导致的较低光照条件是此次米氏凯伦藻赤潮形成和维持的重要条件。     

Bioturbation and erosion rates along the soil-hillslope conveyor belt,part 2: Quantification using an analytical solution of the diffusion–advection equation

Particles on soil-mantled hillslopes are subject to downslope transport by erosion processes and vertical mixing by bioturbation. Both are key processes for understanding landscape evolution and soil formation, and affect the functioning of the critical zone. We show here how the depth–age information, derived from feldspar-based single grain post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (pIRIR), can be used to simultaneously quantify erosion and bioturbation processes along a hillslope. In this study, we propose, for the first time, an analytical solution for the diffusion–advection equation to calculate the diffusivity constant and erosion–deposition rates. We have fitted this model to age–depth data derived from 15 soil samples from four soil profiles along a catena located under natural grassland in the Santa Clotilde Critical Zone Observatory, in the south of Spain. A global sensitivity analysis was used to assess the relative importance of each model parameter in the output. Finally, the posterior probability density functions were calculated to evaluate the uncertainty in the model parameter estimates. The results show that the diffusivity constant at the surface varies from 11.4 to 81.9 mm² a^-1 for the hilltop and hill-base profile, respectively, and between 7.4 and 64.8 mm² a^-1 at 50 cm depth. The uncertainty in the estimation of the erosion–deposition rates was found to be too high to make a reliable estimate, probably because erosion–deposition processes are much slower than bioturbation processes in this environment. This is confirmed by a global sensitivity analysis that shows how the most important parameters controlling the age–depth structure in this environment are the diffusivity constant and regolith depth. Finally, we have found a good agreement between the soil reworking rates proposed by earlier studies, considering only particle age and depth, and the estimated diffusivity constants. The soil reworking rates are effective rates, corrected for the proportion of particles actually participating in the process. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于三轴试验红层泥岩的邓肯-张模型参数研究

兰州地区红层泥岩形成于干旱、半干旱环境,其物理力学特性与其他地区的红层泥岩不同。以G6京藏高速兰海养护维修工程的红层泥岩路基填料为研究对象,通过大量的常规三轴试验,研究含水率对其力学特性及邓肯-张模型参数的影响。结果表明:在不同含水率下兰州地区红层泥岩的应力-应变曲线关系符合双曲线模型。含水率小于最优含水率时,破坏形式为剪切破坏;含水率大于最优含水率,破坏形式为鼓状破坏;随着含水率的增加,黏聚力和内摩擦角逐渐减小,内摩擦角减小的幅度更大,究其原因是含水率对黏聚力和内摩擦角的影响机理不同而导致。采用数学模型进行拟合发现:黏聚力、内摩擦角与含水率分别呈二次抛物线与对数曲线关系。不同含水率下邓肯-张模型参数破坏比R_f在区间(0.869,0.984)内波动,K值随含水率增大而减小呈负线性关系,n值随含水率的增大而增大呈线性关系。     

基于多层神经网络与Sentinel-2数据的大豆种植区识别方法

大豆作为全球最重要的油料作物,是中国进口的大宗农产品,对其种植区的精准识别是决策制定、种植结构调整基础,对国家粮食安全有重要意义。本文利用Sentinel-2作为数据源,利用多层神经网络方法与对大豆进行提取,并与随机森林、决策树、支持向量机等机器学习进行对比,发现F1-Socre指标显示多层神经网络的分类精度最高,为93.53%,其次为随机森林、支持向量机、决策树。将神经网络分类结果与SLIC面向对象分割聚合之后,结果既忽略了同一地块的微小差别,又区分出了不同地块的作物差异,很好的体现了大豆的分布。Sentinel-2数据是进行大尺度大豆种植监测的绝佳数据源,大豆与玉米等其他作物在第二个红边波段的反射率有较为明显的差异。多层神经网络方法在图像分类任务中表现出色,结合图像分割算法精度可达到95.51%,可以满足大豆种植面积监测的需求。     

东海近岸海域赤潮与环境因子的关系

【目的】探讨东海沿海赤潮发生与环境因子的关系。【方法】对2003-2016年东海11个赤潮监控区的调查与监测数据进行统计分析,并采用Spearman秩相关系数法研究了赤潮与环境因子关联关系。【结果】东海近岸海域赤潮发生与水温、pH与溶解氧呈显著正相关关系,与活性磷酸盐、硝酸盐等无机营养盐呈显著负相关关系。【结论】赤潮发生时水温一般为25～33℃,pH为8～9,溶解氧5～10 mg/L,营养盐处于极低值水平。     

南雄盆地始新统红层沉积环境分析

选取南雄盆地始新统红层——古城村剖面作为研究对象,结合磁性矿物和地球化学元素特征分析其沉积环境。古城村剖面上部和下部为红色,中部为青灰色,颜色及其深浅均随沉积层理/层次逐渐变化,说明颜色和沉积地层层理/层次为同期形成,为地层的原生色。磁学测量的饱和等温剩磁（SIRM）和剩磁矫顽力（Bcr）结果与红度（a*）呈现良好的正对应关系,热磁曲线结果表明红层样品以赤铁矿为主,漫反射光谱（DRS）佐证了原生赤铁矿的存在且是唯一可以检测到的磁性矿物。赤铁矿指示了当时的沉积环境为高温少雨。剖面中部存在青灰色地层,该层样品的热磁测量没有检测到磁性矿物信号,只检测到顺磁性矿物信号。高温处理后的DRS测量也表明其存在顺磁性的黏土矿物。通过地球化学元素分析显示其与标准石灰岩相比差异较大,而与中国典型黄土较为相似,可能说明青灰层并非石灰岩。剖面的上下层均为以原生赤铁矿为主的红层,代表高温强氧化环境。青灰层与上下红层之间为过渡渐变,地层较为连续且无不整合现象,化学元素分析也显示该层与上下红层、上地壳和黄土都具有较高的相似性,所以该层更可能是风积物在气候转为湿润条件下经成土作用形成的钙质淀积层。古城剖面反映了始新世时期干热氧化—湿润氧化还原—干热氧化的逐渐变化过程,对于准确理解南雄盆地此阶段古环境有重要意义。     

黄酮化合物对球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)生长和光合活性的影响

近年来,我国近岸海域赤潮暴发日益频繁,严重危害海洋生态环境、渔业及近海旅游业等海洋经济的发展,也给人类健康带来了威胁。本文研究了两种黄酮化合物槲皮素和杨梅素对我国赤潮暴发种球形棕囊藻生长的影响,并利用调制叶绿素荧光技术探究藻细胞光合作用PSⅡ反应中心光合活性对黄酮胁迫的响应。结果表明:槲皮素和杨梅素均能有效抑制球形棕囊藻的生长(半抑制浓度IC50,5d值分别为0.068和0.309mg/L);槲皮素(16.0mg/L)在第5天对藻细胞的抑制率达到最大(89.38%±0.42%),杨梅素(16.0mg/L)在第7天对藻细胞的抑制率达到最大(84.76%±1.82%);相较于杨梅素胁迫,球形棕囊藻的光合作用对槲皮素胁迫更敏感[0.20mg/L槲皮素胁迫7天后,最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学量子产量(Yield)、最大相对电子传递速率(rETR_(max))和光能利用效率(α)值分别降低18%、14%、24%和28%]。研究结果以期为赤潮暴发的防治技术提供基础的理论科学参考。     

Luminescence dating of reticulated red clay buried in Lanshanmiao Paleolithic site in Zhejiang Province,southern China

The Lanshanmiao(LSM) Palaeolithic site,which was excavated in the summer of 2017 by the Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology,is the only excavated palaeolithic site in central Zhejiang Province to date.Luminescence dating methods,including optical stimulated luminescence(OSL) and thermal transfer OSL(TT-OSL) for quartz and post-infrared(IR) stimulated luminescence(p IRIR290) for feldspar,were used to determine the age of the LSM site.The results showed that the LSM section developed before 145.5 ± 12.5 ka and ended after 17.1 ± 1.0 ka.The TT-OSL dating of samples NJU2576 and NJU2615 showed that palaeolithic artifact-bearing layer was between 150 and 100 ka in age.The age range of the palaeolithic layer mainly corresponded to the transition between Marine Isotope Stage(MIS) 6 and MIS5.Our study showed that hominins prominently occupied the LSM site during the glacial and interglacial stages,when it exhibited a floodplain environment.