Effects of UV-B radiation on tetraspores of Chondrus ocellatus Holm (Rhodophyta), and effects of red and blue light on repair of UV-B-induced damage

We evaluated the effects of red and blue light on the repair of UV-B radiation-induced damage in tetraspores of Chondrus ocellatus Holm. Tetraspores of C. ocellatus were treated with different UV-B radiation levels(0,36,72,108,144 and 180 J/m2),and thereafter subjected to PAR,darkness,or red or blue light during a 2-h repair stage,each day for 48 days. The diameters and cellular contents of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmers(CPDs),chlorophyll a(Chl a),phycoerythrin,and UV-B-absorbing mycosporinelike amino acids(MAAs) contents of the tetraspores were determined. Our results show that low doses of UV-B radiation(36 and 72 J/m 2) promoted the growth of C. ocellatus; however,increased UV-B radiation gradually reduced the C. ocellatus growth(greater than 72 J/m2). The MAAs(palythine and asterina-330) in C. ocellatus were detected and analyzed by LC/MS. Our results suggest that moderate red light could induce the growth of this alga in aquaculture. In addition,photorepair was inhibited by red light,so there may be some other DNA repair mechanism activated by red light. Blue light promoted the activity of DNA photolyase,greatly improving remediation efficiency. Red and blue lights were found to reduce the capacity of C. ocellatus to form MAAs. Therefore,PAR,red light,and blue light play different roles during the repair processes for damage induced by UV-B radiation.     

饱和红层泥岩填料累积变形特性及安定界限研究

最优含水率下红层泥岩作为高速铁路路基填料的适用性已经在西南地区得到了初步验证,但饱和状态下红层泥岩填料的累积变形特性仍不明确。为此,开展了不同围压及动应力下饱和红层泥岩填料的动三轴试验,讨论了围压和动应力对填料累积变形特性的影响。结果表明：不同动应力幅值下,饱和红层泥岩填料的等效模量随振次增加,先迅速减小后趋于稳定。稳定后填料的等效模量具有应力水平相关性,随围压增大而增大,随动应力比增大而呈指数减小。不同动应力幅值下,填料变形可分为塑性稳定型、塑性蠕变型和增量破坏型3种类型。填料应变随振次增加而不再处于稳定阶段的应力状态定为塑性稳定界限应力状态。动应力进一步增加后,填料应变速率发生突增,对应的应力状态为塑性蠕变界限应力状态;塑性稳定与塑性蠕变界限应力状态对应的动应力比均低于静强度,且随围压增加呈指数衰减的规律。基床表层如用红层泥岩作填料,应考虑降雨的影响,并采取排水和改良措施以提高路基稳定性。     

动荷载和含水率对红砂岩破坏及能耗特性的影响

地下工程岩体爆破开挖过程中,动荷载和地下水对工程岩体的安全稳定具有显著影响。为研究动荷载和含水率对岩体破坏和能耗特性的影响,利用改进的SHPB试验装置,设置4个冲击速度和6个含水率等级,对红砂岩进行动态冲击试验。通过分析不同含水率工况下能量反射率、透射率和耗散率的变化规律,构建红砂岩能耗特性与含水率的经验模型;对破坏试样进行筛分试验,根据破碎分形理论,研究岩石破碎分形维数随含水率的变化规律。结果表明：（1）同一冲击速度下,能量透射率和含水率具有指数函数关系且呈负相关,能量耗散率随含水率先增大后减小且具有二次函数关系;（2）同一含水率下,能量透射率和冲击速度呈负相关,能量耗散率和冲击速度呈正相关;（3）在出现宏观破坏的试样中,红砂岩的破坏程度随含水率的增加而增大,且在含水率为1%处出现拐点,破碎分形维数和含水率具有指数函数关系。     

冻融循环对青藏红黏土物理力学性质影响试验研究

以红黏土为研究对象,使土样在封闭系统下进行不同次数的冻融循环作用,对冻融循环后的冻结土样进行粒度成分和物理力学性质测试,研究不同次数冻融循环作用下冻结红黏土粒度成分和物理力学性质的变化规律。结果表明：粉粒组和黏粒组质量含量受冻融循环作用次数影响较大。红黏土中颗粒在前10次冻融循环过程中向粒径小于0.001 mm及粒径在0.01~0.05 mm范围富集;冻融循环10次之后,随冻融循环次数的增加,粒径范围在0.002~0.005 mm的土颗粒含量明显增加,粒径范围在0.01~0.05 mm的土颗粒含量明显减小,其他粒径范围的土颗粒含量基本不受冻融循环次数的影响。红黏土的液、塑限大体上随冻融循环次数的增加而增加。冻融循环作用对红黏土等效黏聚力强度影响较明显,冻融循环作用10次以内红黏土等效黏聚力强度变化较大,在红黏土地区新修路基应考虑冻融循环作用引起的附加沉降影响。建议采用维亚洛夫或吴紫汪长期强度预报方程预测红黏土长期等效黏聚力强度。     

A rejoinder to Shiffman et al., Trophy fishing for species threatened with extinction: A way forward building on a history of conservation

Shiffman et al. assert that International Game Fish Association (IGFA) records are threatening imperiled fish populations. Here I report that 88% of the species identified by the authors were first listed as threatened within the last 20 years and, during this time, IGFA received a total of 15 All-Tackle record applications for these species. The low number of records placed within the appropriate context of total global landings for these species does not support the hypothesis that IGFA All-Tackle records have a disproportionately negative impact on imperiled species as the authors suggest, but rather a disproportionately low impact.     

Sedentary urchins influence benthic community composition below the macroalgal zone

Sea urchins are important ecosystem engineers in subtidal ecosystems worldwide, providing biogenic structure and altering nutrient dynamics through intensive grazing and drift algal capture. The current work evaluates red urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) density on fixed transects through time, individual displacement, and urchin‐associated benthic community composition using a field‐based approach at multiple depths (in and outside of the macroalgal zone) and replicated across sites in the San Juan Archipelago, Washington. Urchins exhibited no large‐scale, temporal or directional changes in density among depths. Furthermore, 87% of individual urchins observed in repeated small‐scale surveys over 3 weeks exhibited no change in position. Individual displacement was negatively correlated to drift algal capture. Evidence of sedentary behavior from the displacement surveys was supported by the sessile and mobile community composition in areas directly under versus adjacent to (control) urchins. The benthos under urchins had a higher percentage of bare space, crustose coralline algae, and increased density of snails, crabs and shrimp relative to associated control plots. Abundance of mobile organisms associating with urchins increased relative to control plots at the deepest survey depth (30 m), indicating a greater strength of interaction with distance from macroalgal production. This work presents evidence of food availability‐related behavior in red urchins and indicates that even when sedentary, urchins have a strong influence on ecosystem structure through increasing availability of shelter and macroalgal detritus to the benthos.     

Long‐term comparison of structure and dynamics of the red coral metapopulation of the Portofino Promontory (Ligurian Sea): a case‐study for a Marine Protected Area in the Mediterranean Sea

A large amount of data on the precious coral Corallium rubrum has attested to a dramatic shift in the size structure of its over‐harvested Mediterranean populations in recent decades. One of the main problems for the conservation of this species is the substantial lack of data concerning the time span necessary for a population subjected to pluri‐decennial harvesting pressure to return to its pristine status. Here, we present a multi‐annual data set gathered from the Marine Protected Area (MPA) of Portofino, which hosts the most important shallow‐water coral populations in the Ligurian Sea and was subjected to strong harvesting pressure from the 1950s to the early 1970s. Quantitative comparison of the population structure data recorded in 1964, 1990 and 2012 indicated a strong size increase of the colonies (from 3 to 8 g mean weight), resulting in an increase in colony biomass from 300 to the current 1500 g·m^?2. As a consequence, over the same span of time, the density of colonies has slightly decreased. The role of mass mortality phenomena, like that occurred in this area during 1999, as possible biological features triggering the switch of red coral populations from a ‘grass plain‐like’ towards a ‘forest‐like’ structure, is discussed. All these data indicate that the instigation of MPAs is a winning strategy in the conservation of this precious species and similar management plans should also be evaluated for the protection of the deep benthic communities thriving on off‐shore banks.     

真鲷与石莼池塘混养试验

开展南方真鲷Pagrosomus major与石莼Ulva lactuca池塘混养试验。结果显示,在10m×9m×1.6m的池塘里放养150尾真鲷种苗和少量石莼,经1a养殖试验,在不充氧气、不加任何水质改良剂和消毒药物、仅补充少量海水的情况下,依靠石莼自然生长与繁殖,能有效地消除水体的营养盐,净化水质,改良养殖环境,减少污水排放。池水溶解氧周年维持在4.75—6.50mg.L-1,铵氮含量为0.017—0.093mg.L-1,真鲷和石莼在池塘可以忍受高达34.5℃的极端温度和比重低至1.012 0的海水。周年真鲷成活率为87.3%,饵料系数为5.1,体重为355—529g.ind-1,平均427g.ind-1,总产量为55 900g;石莼生长茂密,沥干鲜藻总产量达到358 000g。实验期间未出现任何因养殖环境不适而导致真鲷患病或大量死亡,可见石莼是适合于作为池塘鱼类养殖的环境修复生物。     

加积型网纹红土网纹化机制及形成环境

选取九江地区JL剖面网纹层段典型样品,针对红基质与白网纹的物质组成及理化性质展开异同分析,在此基础上探讨网纹红土形成环境。初步得到以下结论:1)红基质与白网纹的粒度组成、元素组成、风化特征基本一致,但铁元素有显著差异,"网纹"并非原生构造,不是岩性差异及差异风化的产物,而是同源物质经历化学风化过程中元素分馏的结果。2)地球化学分析、磁学分析和粘粒级矿物组成分析一致表明,白网纹与红基质在铁含量、铁氧化物形态、铁矿物类型方面存在明显差异。白网纹与红基质相比,全铁含量(4.30%)低于红基质(8.63%);Fe^3+/Fe^2+比值(40.66)低于红基质(90.95);游离铁量及游离度(7.01 g/kg,32.96%)低于红基质(76.21 g/kg,77.52%);铁活化度和晶胶率(25.31%,37.77%)高于红基质(8.77%,9.69%);赤铁矿和针铁矿含量极少,这充分表明白网纹局部存在明显的铁淋失。3)白网纹局部脱色机制主要受控于赤铁矿及其转化,红基质主导矿物为赤铁矿,并含有一定的磁赤铁矿和针铁矿,而白网纹则不含磁赤铁矿,赤铁矿含量也极少。此外高岭石含量也是影响色浅的因素之一,白网纹蛭石、高岭石含量(20.24%和45.08%)均略高于红基质(11.45%和41.82%)。4)赤铁矿的富集、局部铁迁移的特点,整体上指示高温、中强程度化学风化和季节性多水的环境。这在一定程度上暗示网纹红土形成时期气候高温多雨,且季节性反差增强。     

江西省东乡红色断陷盆地的水文地质特征及裂隙水资源

本文分析了江西省东乡县红色断陷盆地的水文地质特征,着重研究了红盆外缘含水系统中的地下水顺导水断裂向盆地径流对形成红壤裂隙的补给资源所起的作用,并概括出三种类型的剖面。指出每一种剖面应研究的重点,粗略估算了地下水资源。最后阐述了红层地区裂隙水的找水方向和调查方法。