Red deer in New Zealand: Game animal,economic resource or environmental pest?

The 150‐year history of red deer in New Zealand reflects changing relations between people and introduced animals and has involved recreational, environmental and commercial hunting. Hunters initially pursued red deer for recreation then for environmental control before the animals were subsumed into society's economic processes. After 1930, they were regarded as environmental pests and hunting was open to all. Commercial hunting started after World War II, when economic value redefined the relationship between red deer and people. Relations between people and red deer continued to evolve as New Zealanders generated progressively more refined understandings of nature and the place of introduced species in this country's diverse environments.     

滇中红层高悬台地打井找水探讨

红层高悬台地"顶平、身陡、谷深",具有独特的水文地质特征和地下水富集规律。依据以抗旱打井取得的数据、资料并结合前人已有成果,探讨红层高悬台地在不同地形地貌和地质构造条件下的地下水赋存特点,显示地貌形态与地质构造协调控水。台地中部尤其是沉积盆地边缘,是抗旱找水打井的有利地段。台地边缘地下水可采资源和储存量较少,但在局部地貌汇水有利部位和构造发育地段,可形成局部富水块段,因而应按"贫区中找富块,贫块中找富点"的思路,寻找微型、小型储水构造,找准补给、径流、排汇和含、隔水层关系,准确定位、打井找水。受地形地貌条件所限,红层高悬台地尤其是边缘地带地下水位埋藏较深,宜尽量打深井揭至侵蚀基准面以下,才更有可能多出水。     

昆明红色石灰土经酸碱处理后的pH值与磁化率的关系研究

土壤磁性变化机制的研究中,越来越多的证据指示成壤作用的影响,而土壤理化性质是其分类的主要因素,却很少有关于土壤理化性质与磁化率关系的研究报道。通过对碳酸盐岩上覆红色石灰土的酸碱处理实验,探究土壤pH值与其磁化率的影响。研究结果表明：酸碱处理前,红色石灰土的磁化率集中在3000～4500×10m^3／kg,pH值在7～8,为碱性土壤;经HCI溶液处理后,pH值下降到1～4,磁化率下降到250—4000×10^-8m^3／kg,pH值与磁化率呈现正相关关系;经NaOH溶液处理后,pH值上升到8～13,磁化率反而下降到2500-4000×10^-8m^3／kg,pH值与磁化率呈现负相关关系。上述现象的产生,与酸和强碱所分别带来的还原和氧化环境有关,改变了弱磁性矿物和强磁性矿物之间的转化方向,抑制了趋磁细菌作用,最终引起土壤磁化率的变化。     

The Transfiguration continental red-bed Cu–Pb–Zn–Ag deposit,Quebec Appalachians,Canada

The Transfiguration Cu–Pb–Zn–Ag deposit, enclosed within reduced grey sandstone, is associated with continental red beds of the Lower Silurian Robitaille Formation in the Quebec Appalachians, Canada. The Robitaille Formation rests unconformably on foliated Cambro-Ordovician rocks. The unconformity is locally cut by barite veins. The basal unit of the Robitaille Formation comprises green wacke and pebble conglomerate, which locally contain calcite nodules. The latter have microstructures characteristic of alpha-type calcretes, such as “floating” fabrics, calcite-filled fractures (crystallaria) and circumgranular cracks. Massive, grey sandstone overlies the basal green wacke and pebble conglomerate unit, which is overlain, in turn, by red, fine-grained sandstone. Mineralisation occurred underneath the red sandstone unit, chiefly in the grey sandstone unit, as disseminated and veinlet sulphides. Chalcopyrite, the most abundant Cu sulphide, replaced early pyrite. Calcrete, disseminated carbonate and vein carbonate have stable isotope ratios varying from −7.5‰ to −1.1‰ δ¹³C and from 14.7‰ to 21.3‰ δ¹⁸O. The negative δ¹³C values indicate the oxidation of organic matter in a continental environment. Sulphur isotope ratios for pyrite, chalcopyrite and galena vary from −19‰ to 25‰ δ³⁴S, as measured on mineral concentrates by a conventional SO₂ technique. Laser-assisted microanalyses (by fluorination) of S isotopes in pyrite show an analogous range in δ³⁴S values, from −21‰ to 25‰. Negative and positive δ³⁴S values are compatible with bacterial sulphate reduction (BSR) in systems open and closed with respect to sulphate. We interpret similarly high δ³⁴S values for sulphide concentrates (25.1‰) and for vein barite (26.2‰) to result from rapid and complete thermochemical reduction of pore-water sulphate. Two early to late diagenetic stages of mineralisation best explain the origin of the Transfiguration deposit. The first stage was characterised by the ponding of groundwater over the Taconian unconformity, recorded by calcrete and early pyrite formation via BSR in grey sandstone. Early pyrite contains up to 2 wt.% Pb, which is consistent with Pb fixation by sulphate-reducing bacteria. The second stage (II) is defined by the replacement of early pyrite by chalcopyrite, as well as by sulphide precipitation via either BSR or thermochemical sulphate reduction (TSR) in grey sandstone. This event resulted from the synsedimentary fault-controlled percolation and mixing of (1) an oxidising, sulphate-bearing cupriferous fluid migrating per descensum from the red-bed sequence and (2) a hydrocarbon-bearing fluid migrating per ascensum from the Cambro-Ordovician basement. Mixing between the two fluids led to sulphate reduction, causing Cu sulphide precipitation. The positive correlation between Cu and Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ bulk rock values suggests that Fe acted as a redox agent during sulphate reduction. Stage II diagenetic fluid migration is tentatively attributed to the Late Silurian Salinic extensional event.     

红色长石的宝石学特征研究

近几年在国内外珠宝市场上出现了一种红色透明长石,其天然性引起了广泛的争议。采用常规的宝石学方法、LA—ICP—MS以及紫外-可见分光光度计等测试仪器研究了该红色长石样品的宝石学特征、化学成分及紫外-可见吸收光谱,旨在探讨其致色原因。结果表明,该红色长石样品属于中长石;与黄色长石样品相比,其化学成分中Cu的质量分数为739×10^-6～801×10^-6,远远高于黄色长石的（1．07×10^-6）,而其它微量元素的质量分数则无明显的差别,故认为Cu可能与其呈红色有关;紫外-可见吸收光谱结果显示,该红色长石样品在可见光区的吸收带主要位于566nm处,推测其可能与Cu对可见光的吸收有关。     

某高速公路朱雀洞段红层滑坡成因机制分析与整治对策

湖南省西部地区高速公路路线红层滑坡灾害普遍存在。根据湘西某高速公路朱雀洞段滑坡的工程地质特性、形态、结构特征及变形破坏特征,分析了滑坡的形成机制,指出其属滑移—拉裂型滑坡。在经受自重应力、降雨以及地下水等内外作用因素,斜坡岩体沿软弱结构面发生滑移变形,随着剪裂面上的拉应力集中而产生拉裂缝,一旦破坏面贯通,则导致滑坡破坏。通过参数反演,对滑坡的稳定性进行了定量评价。从评价结果可见,在天然情况下,滑坡处于稳定状态。而在暴雨情况下,其稳定性迅速降低,基本处于不稳状态。在分析成因机制的基础上为滑坡的整治对策提供了重要的依据。     

中国火山岩型铀矿的主要地质特征

火山岩型铀矿主要分布于环太平洋的中、新生代多金属成矿带,产于以酸性岩或碱性岩为主的陆相火山岩系中,据对火山岩的^87Sr／^88 Sr含量初始比值测定、火山岩的稀土元素分布模式和火山岩中的熔融包体测温研究,推测火山岩浆是硅铝壳高温大部分熔融的产物,并不同程度受到地幔物质的混染。火山喷发受区域大断裂带控制,形成喷发岩带。火山喷发岩带可进一步划分为几条喷发亚带,喷发亚带则由一系列的火山活动中心组成。火山岩型铀矿均产于断陷红盆旁侧,或在其附近存在基性脉岩群,显示铀矿化与深部构造岩浆活动存在成因联系,适中的剥蚀程度是重要的找矿前提。     

Distribution,Compositions and Significance of Oceanic Red Beds

Oceanic red beds are widely distributed in the global oceans and across the entire Phanerozoic period, which mostly appeared after oceanic anoxic events. They represent typical oxygen-rich sedimentary environment and play a significant role on ocean science research. Numerous studies have been carried out since the oceanic red beds were discovered. However, previous studies mainly focused on the Cretaceous oceanic red beds, and the understanding of the characteristics and scientific significance of oceanic red beds are not comprehensive. Therefore, we here summarized the global distribution characteristics and compared mineral and element compositions of various lithological oceanic red beds, including marly, clayey and cherty oceanic red beds. The main mineral and element components of oceanic red beds have no direct relationship with the color of the sediments, and mainly are affected by the regional environment and provenances. Therefore, the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of oceanic red beds should be analyzed in combination with the regional background. The red coloration of oceanic red beds is controlled mainly by hematite, goethite and manganese-bearing calcite, which have two main mechanisms: ① Colored minerals formed in oxic conditions; ② Colored minerals formed due to low deposition rates. These two mechanisms are not completely independent, but complement one another with either dominance in most oceanic red beds. Lithological characteristics of oceanic red beds are controlled by three factors, including water depth, productivity and nutrients. Therefore, the formation of oceanic red beds should be considered with global changes and regional events. The unique origin mechanism and global distribution characteristics of long time-scale oceanic red beds can be used to indicate sedimentary paleoenvironment, paleo-oceanic current, and paleoclimate change. In addition, hydrothermal or magmatic activities on the ocean floor could also produce red-color deposits that are strongly different from sedimentary oceanic red beds. Based on the existing research, we also put forward the future in-depth studies on the oceanic red beds from multidisciplinary perspectives.     

利用室内光谱红边参数估测烤烟叶片成熟度

试验研究不同施氮水平下不同成熟度的烤烟叶片光谱红边参数特性,采用相关分析和逐步回归方法确定红边位置为烟叶成熟度的特征变量。通过分析红边位置与成熟叶片和过熟叶片的关系,找到适熟叶片的红边位置变化范围,同时采用回归模型用红边位置反演得出相应的叶绿素含量,对采用红边位置估测成熟度的准确性进行检测。结果表明：运用红边位置估测叶绿素含量效果较好,从而可以判断烟叶成熟度,并且得出成熟叶片红边位置为693—695nm,过熟叶片红边位置极值为688nm。因此,本研究为采用光谱技术测定烤烟叶片成熟度确定了理论依据,并可为解决烟草生产中成熟采收问题提供参考。     

X射线衍射增量法在三水铝石定量分析中的应用--以桂西堆积型铝土矿中的红土为例

简述了X射线衍射增量法进行定量分析的原理、实验过程和实验条件,并用该方法对桂西堆积型铝土矿中的红土三水铝石进行了定量分析.实验表明,在红土样品中加入一定量的标准样品后,利用X射线衍射增量法测定红土样品中三水铝石的含量,与原有的利用化学物相分析方法相比,具有不受红土样品中物相数量和矿物组合限制的优点;同时,X射线射线衍射增量法具有简便、快速、准确、经济的特点,是测定桂西堆积型铝土矿中的红土中三水铝石最为理想的定量分析方法.