《吉林省地图集》中节约型社会建设专题图的表示方法

专题图由于能够直观、准确、形象地反映出有关专业数据信息而受到越来越多行业的欢迎.<节约型社会建设>专题图是<吉林省地图集>中图幅之一,该图在地理底图基础上把资源综合利用;循环经济发展布局;循环经济发展重点、目标;节能减排的主要目标、行业目标;"十一五"资源综合利用主要目标等用图、表的形式编制成图,使其成为社会公共资源并...     

榴辉岩的弹性波速评述

文中评述了榴辉岩的密度和高温高压下的纵波速度、速度各向异性、泊松比以及榴辉岩声软化现象的成因 ,着重介绍了榴辉岩的密度和波速对探讨岩石圈物质组成、莫霍界面性质、超高压岩石对实现壳幔物质交换的重要意义。榴辉岩的密度为 3 2～ 3 6 5g·cm-3 ,其中超高压榴辉岩具有更高的密度 (3 4～ 3 6 5g·cm-3 )。榴辉岩的纵波速度 (vp)在 1GPa时为 7 3～8 9km·s-1,其裂隙闭合压力可能高于 1GPa。榴辉岩的压力系数为 0 3～ 0 4km·s-1·GPa-1,温度系数为 - 3 4× 10 -4 km·s-1·℃ -1。它具有最弱的vP 各向异性 (<3% )。超高压榴辉岩的泊松比为 0 2 54～ 0 2 75。大别山榴辉岩的密度和波速研究表明 ,现今的大别山深部地壳可能依然存在榴辉岩 ,但数量应很少 ;大别山上地幔具有同超高压榴辉岩类似的弹性特征 ;拆沉作用是解释超高压榴辉岩折返机制的重要模式之一 ;榴辉岩的形成过程包含了壳幔物质循环作用 ,一部分榴辉岩已拆沉进入深部地幔 ,另一部分则快速折返至地壳内或通过其他构造作用进一步抬升、暴露地表。     

Ordovician ferrosilicic magmas: Experimental evidence for ultrahigh temperatures affecting a metagreywacke source

Peculiar magmatic rocks were erupted and emplaced at depth at the margin of the Gondwana supercontinent during the Cambro-Ordovician transition. These rocks are characterized by high contents in silica and iron but they do not have equivalents in the high-silica members of the calc-alkaline series. They have particular geochemical signatures, with Al saturation index, ASI > 1, FeO > 2.5 wt.%, MgO > 0.8 wt.% for very low contents in calcium (CaO < 2.0 wt.%), supporting a derivation from near-total melting (> 80 vol.% melt) of metagreywackes. The results from inverse experiments indicate that the most plausible conditions are within the range 1000 °C (excess water) and 1100–1200 °C (subsaturated and dry) at pressures of 1.5 to 2.0 GPa. A tectonic scenario implying melting of subducted sediments within an ascending mantle-wedge plume is suggested for the generation of primary ferrosilicic melts at the Gondwana continental margin during Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician times.     

蚌埠老山含石榴子石片麻状花岗岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及其对华南俯冲陆壳再循环的意义

对华北板块东南缘蚌埠隆起区内凤阳县老山含石榴子石片麻状花岗岩进行了锆石SHRIMP U—Pb定年。阴极发光图像显示所研究样品中锆石通常具有核-幔-边结构。其中,核部年龄为新元古代（一个谐和年龄为673Ma&#177;12Ma）、幔部年龄为三叠纪和具有岩浆结晶环带的边部年龄为159Ma&#177;2Ma。锆石边部明显具有岩浆结晶环带以及高的Th／U比值（一般为0．14～0．45）,其年龄代表该岩石的形成时代;幔部具有低的Th／U比值（一般为0．02～0．15）,为变质成因;而核部常具有岩浆结晶环带,有时因重结晶等原因而模糊,其年龄应代表源区岩石的形成时代。由于继承锆石的形成时代为新元古代并经过印支期变质作用,这些年龄记录与大别山超高压岩石一致。因此,证明老山含石榴子石片麻状花岗岩为159Ma&#177;2Ma,其为经历了三叠纪多期变质作用改造的华南俯;中陆壳物质发生部分熔融而形成即由华南三叠纪俯冲陆壳物质再循环的结果。而华北板块通东南缘深部存在华南俯冲陆壳岩石,进一步证实在中生代华南板块至少已俯冲至蚌埠地区。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF EFFECTS OF LAND SURFACE PROCESSES ON CLIMATE--IMPLEMENTING OF SSiB IN IAP/LASG AGCM AND ITS PERFORMANCE*

This is an investigation of exchanges of energy and water between the atmosphere and the vegetated continents,and the impact of and mechanisms for land surface-atmosphere interactions on hydrological cycle and general circulation by implementing the Simplified Simple Biosphere(SSiB) model in a modified version of IAP/LASG global spectral general model(L9R15 AGCM).This study reveals that the SSiB model produces a better partitioning of the land surface heat and moisture fluxes and its diurnal variations,and also gives the transport of energy and water among atmosphere,vegetation and soil explicitly and realistically.Thus the coupled SSiB-AGCM runs lead to the more conspicuous improvement in the simulated circulation,precipitation,mean water vapor content and its transport.particularly in the Asian monsoon region in the real world than CTL-AGCM runs.It is also pointed out that both the implementation of land surface parameterizations and the variations in land surface into the GOALS model have greatly improved hydrological balance over continents and have a significant impact on the simulated climate.particularly over the massive continents.Improved precipitation recycling model was employed to verify the mechanisms for land surface hydrology parameterizations on hydrological cycle and precipitation climatology in AGCM.It can be argued that the recycling precipitation rate is significantly reduced,particularly in the arid and semi-arid region of the boreal summer hemisphere,coincident with remarkable reduction in evapotranspiration over the continental area.Therefore the coupled SSiB-AGCM runs reduce the bias of too much precipitation over land surface in most AGCMs,thereby bringing the simulatedprecipitation closer to observations in many continental regions of the world than CTL-AGCMruns.     

The solid waste dilemma

In 1976, the U.S. Congress enacted the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) to further address the problem of increasing industrial and municipal waste. The main objectives of RCRA were to responsibly manage hazardous and solid waste and to procure materials made from recovered wastes. To fulfill these objectives, four main programs of waste management were developed. These programs were defined under Subtitle C, the Hazardous Waste Program; Subtitle D, the Solid Waste Program; Subtitle I, the Underground Storage Tank Program; and Subtitle J, the Medical Waste Program. Subtitle D illustrates the solid waste dilemma occurring in the United States. Under this program, states are encouraged to develop and implement their own waste management plans. These plans include the promotion of recycling solid wastes and the closing and upgrading of all environmentally unsound dumps.Correspondence should be directed to Earle B. Amey, U.S. Geological Survey, National Center 983, Reston, Virginia 20192.     

Approaching moisture recycling governance

The spatial and temporal dynamics of water resources are a continuous challenge for effective and sustainable national and international governance. The watershed is the most common spatial unit in water resources governance, which typically includes only surface and groundwater. However, recent advances in hydrology have revealed ‘atmospheric watersheds’ – otherwise known as precipitationsheds. Water flowing within a precipitationshed may be modified by land-use change in one location, while the effect of this modification could be felt in a different province, country, or continent. Despite an upwind country's ability to change a downwind country's rainfall through changes in land-use or land management, the major legal and institutional implications of changes in atmospheric moisture flows have remained unexplored. Here we explore potential ways to approach what we denote as moisture recycling governance. We first identify a set of international study regions, and then develop a typology of moisture recycling relationships within these regions ranging from bilateral moisture exchange to more complex networks. This enables us to classify different types of possible governance principles and relate those to existing land and water governance frameworks and management practices. The complexity of moisture recycling means institutional fit will be difficult to generalize for all moisture recycling relationships, but our typology allows the identification of characteristics that make effective governance of these normally ignored water flows more tenable.     

Aquifer storage and recharge: Innovation in water resources management

Stormwater and treated sewerage effluent, previously regarded as waste, are now being reused in South Australia through the innovative aquifer storage and recharge technique. After pretreatment in wetlands, this water is stored in otherwise unused brackish aquifers for summer irrigation of parklands. Trials are underway using recycled water from the Bolivar Wastewater Treatment Plant for irrigation of market gardens. This paper presents several case studies where the aquifer storage and recharge technique has been successful, with savings in water and infrastructure costs, as well as providing environmental benefits.     

Recycling of oceanic crust and the origin of intraplate volcanism

Source models for intraplate volcanism (IPV) include vertical introduction of material from deep in the mantle (plume model), contamination of the shallow mantle (perisphere and continental mantle delamination models) and derivation by selective partial melting of oceanic crust recycled into the depleted mantle (SUMA/streaky mantle models). The plume hypothesis became the ruling model after a flawed interpretation of helium isotope data in the mid 1980s that led to plumes being imposed on models for crustal recycling into the depleted mantle. This incorporation of otherwise competing concepts, is the cause of unnecessary complexity in modern geodynamic models. The plume model cannot explain all manifestations of IPV and a comprehensive explanation can only be found by invoking the alternative options, combined with their tapping by plate tectonic processes.     

GRACE重力计划在揭示地球系统质量重新分布中的应用

2002年3月成功发射的美德合作卫星重力计划GRACE(Gravity Recovery And ClimateExperiment),即将提供空间分辨率约为200 km而时间分辨率为1个月的时变地球重力场模型序列。GRACE计划的星座由两颗相距约220 km,高度保持为300-500 km、倾角保持约90°的近极轨卫星组成。由于采用星载GPS和非保守力加速度计等高精度定轨技术,以及高精度的星一星跟踪数据反演地球重力场,在几百公里和更大空间尺度上, GRACE重力场的精度大大超过此前的卫星重力计划。根据GRACE时变重力场反演的地球系统质量重新分布,将对固体地球物理、海洋物理、气候学以及大地测量等应用有重要的意义。虽然其设计寿命只有5 yr,但研究表明GRACE的结果可用于研究北极冰长期时间尺度的变化,并进而研究极冰融化对全球气候变化,特别是对海平面长期变化的影响。在季节性时间尺度上,利用GRACE重力场反演的质量重新分布足以揭示平均小于1 cm的地表水变化,或小于1 mbar。的海底压强变化。除了巨大的社会效益和经济效益外,这些变化对了解地球系统的物质循环(主要是水循环)和能量循环有非常重要的意义。介绍GRACE重力场揭示的地球系统质量重新分布,为理解其地球物理应用提供必需的准备;同时针对我国大陆和沿海地区的地球物理应用提出初步的设想。