正理庄高89-1区块CO2混相驱参数优化数值模拟研究

为了确保高89-1区块CO2混相驱项目的顺利实施,依据该区块的精细油藏描述成果,在优化适于CO2混相驱模型基础上,建立了符合油藏地质特点的三维地质模型。在此基础上对开发指标进行计算,对五个参数（井网、开发方式、压力水平、注入量和采油速度）进行优化,并提出了推荐方案,预测采收率可达23.10%,比弹性开采方式提高15.16%。     

Methodology and use of tensor invariants for satellite gravity gradiometry

Although its use is widespread in several other scientific disciplines, the theory of tensor invariants is only marginally adopted in gravity field modeling. We aim to close this gap by developing and applying the invariants approach for geopotential recovery. Gravitational tensor invariants are deduced from products of second-order derivatives of the gravitational potential. The benefit of the method presented arises from its independence of the gradiometer instrument’s orientation in space. Thus, we refrain from the classical methods for satellite gravity gradiometry analysis, i.e., in terms of individual gravity gradients, in favor of the alternative invariants approach. The invariants approach requires a tailored processing strategy. Firstly, the non-linear functionals with regard to the potential series expansion in spherical harmonics necessitates the linearization and iterative solution of the resulting least-squares problem. From the computational point of view, efficient linearization by means of perturbation theory has been adopted. It only requires the computation of reference gravity gradients. Secondly, the deduced pseudo-observations are composed of all the gravitational tensor elements, all of which require a comparable level of accuracy. Additionally, implementation of the invariants method for large data sets is a challenging task. We show the fundamentals of tensor invariants theory adapted to satellite gradiometry. With regard to the GOCE (Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer) satellite gradiometry mission, we demonstrate that the iterative parameter estimation process converges within only two iterations. Additionally, for the GOCE configuration, we show the invariants approach to be insensitive to the synthesis of unobserved gravity gradients.     

污水渗滤土地处理系统中的复氧方式及效果

复氧是困扰人工快渗、构造湿地等污水渗滤土地处理系统已久的问题.国际上目前采用的方法主要有3种:一是采用干湿交替的工作方式进行系统复氧,一是设置通气管对系统内部进行复氧,再一是利用植物的根系对系统内部进行复氧.研究结果表明,干湿交替的工作方式对系统的复氧条件有明显改善,而小水力负荷周期的工作方式对系统的复氧更为有效.通气管的设置通常与间歇性布水工作方式相结合,其效果通常要明显好于单纯采用干湿交替的工作方式.植物根系对系统的复氧,常因植物不同类型而具有不同的氧传输能力,植物根茎所能到达的范围往往决定了系统有效处理部位的大小.     

循环荷载下人工结构性土变形与强度特性试验研究

针对长期动载作用下天然沉积结构性黏土地基强度和刚度循环软化问题,分别以水泥和食糖为模拟粒间胶结和大孔隙的材料,制备了不同胶结强度和初始孔隙比的人工结构性土,开展了人工结构性土与相应重塑土的动三轴试验,分析了土体胶结强度、初始孔隙比、围压和动应力幅值对累积变形和动强度的影响规律。试验结果表明：累积应变-振动次数曲线以临界循环应力为界分为：塑性安定型、临界型和破坏型;临界循环应力随胶结强度增大、初始孔隙比减小而增大;土体胶结强度越高,脆性破坏越明显,累积应变曲线转折点对应的应变越小。动强度的应变破坏标准采用转折点应变值更符合土性变化规律;动强度随胶结强度增大、初始孔隙比减小而增大;动黏聚力cd随破坏振次增大而降低,而动内摩擦角?d基本不变。试验结果可为软弱土地基动力灾变控制提供有益参考。     

Densities of Huanghe River estuary and Bohai Bay waters

The densities of 36 water samples from the Huanghe River estuary and Bohai Bay were determinedby a magnetic float densimcter under three temperatures from 15℃ to 25℃.All the measured densities ofsamples were greater than that of the values calculated from the International Equation of State of Seawater.The differences between the measured and calculated densities increased with the decrease of salinities.The dif-ferences appeared exponentially correlated with[Ca~(2+)]/s,[Mg~(2+)]/s and[SO_4~(2-)]/s,and had"s"type curverelationship with the alkalinity in all salinity range.But in the salinity ranging from 25.72 to 31.57,therelationships were all linear.The density difference can be estimated from the equation △ρ（10~3kg·m~(-3)）=（-2.79+236.5([Ca~(2+)]/s)/(-9.7464×10~（-3）+[Ca~(2+)]/s).It was the high alkalinity and[Ca~(2+)]/s that resulted in the measured densi-ties of seawaters being higher than the calculated densities in the Huanghe estuary and Bohai Bay.     

大湾铀矿田铀-镭平衡系数及迁移富集特征研究

从分析大湾铀矿田各矿床(点)的铀镭平衡系数变化特征出发,结合放射性同位素比值特征分析铀镭迁移富集行为,指出了各矿床(点)氧化带的深度,以了解各铀矿床(点)潜在的工业价值.     

GPS第三频载波及民用码的信号质量分析

介绍了L5载波的特点,分析了L5载波对GPS测量的影响,用实测数据分析了三频载波的信噪比及各个民用码的噪声水平。     

高原湖相泥炭土渗透特性研究及机制分析

为明确高原湖相泥炭土渗透特性并建立渗透模型,采用固结-渗透联合试验装置对取自6个场地20余组土样天然状态及一维压缩过程中渗透系数进行测定,并分析了加载时长、应力水平以及烧失量、残余纤维含量等因素对其渗透性的影响。试验结果表明：分别加载条件下,泥炭土渗透系数 随加载时长T增大而减小并趋于稳定,稳定时长在10 d左右;分级加载条件下, 随固结应力 的增大呈非线性减小, - 关系曲线为反S型;高原湖相泥炭土渗透模型可用e- 表示,其渗透指数 与初始孔隙比 满足关系式 0.25 ;初始渗透系数 和烧失量 、残余纤维含量 及 关系较为离散, 和 、 及初始含水率 有一定的正相关性。通过电镜扫描试验,从土中孔隙特征角度探讨了高原湖相泥炭土渗透特性的机制。     

少筋混凝土重力式桥墩抗震研究现状

我国铁路桥梁普遍采用少筋混凝土重力式桥墩（配筋率<0.5%）,现有普通钢筋混凝土结构的延性抗震理论不适用于该类型桥墩。为了促进我国铁路重力式桥墩抗震理论的发展,详细论述了我国少筋混凝土重力式桥墩的研究现状和存在问题。首先,对少筋混凝土重力式桥墩的破坏特征及破坏机理进行了总结;其次,分析了各参数对少筋混凝土重力式桥墩抗震性能的影响;再次,对目前少筋混凝土重力式桥墩的抗震设计方法进行了汇总与分析;最后,对少筋混凝土重力式桥墩的数值分析模型进行了归纳与分析。通过对现有研究的汇总发现:目前对少筋混凝土重力式桥墩的试验研究主要以拟静力方法为主,还缺少振动台试验研究其动力状态下的破坏机理及抗震性能;少筋混凝土重力式桥墩的破坏机理及其与各影响因素之间的定量关系还不明确;已提出的少筋混凝土重力式桥墩的抗震设计方法存在塑性铰区计算不合理等问题,还需要进一步的完善。为少筋混凝土重力式桥墩抗震研究提供了方向。     

OBSERVATIONS ON THE HINTEREIS AND VERNAGTFERNER

Abstract

Adequate water resources management at the basin level needs quality downscaling of climate change scenarios for application to impact assessment and adaptation work. This study evaluates the ability of a regional climate model (RegCM3) to simulate the present-day climate and regional water balance over the Niger River Basin (NRB). RegCM3 gives a good simulation of the NRB hydroclimatic features. The mean bias error for monthly temperature is 1.5°C, 0.3 mm d^-1 for rainfall, and 0.4 mm d^-1 for runoff. Moderate to high correlations (0.66–0.95) were found between the modelled and the observed variables. RegCM3-based water cycling indices were not statistically different from the observation. Seasonal moistening efficiency (m) ranges between 19% and 37%; 66% of the available atmospheric moisture over NRB precipitates between June and September, of which 21% originates from local evaporation. The result suggests that the moisture sink period is July to October with very high precipitation efficiency over the basin. The model reproduces the hydroclimatology of the NRB and hence is a suitable tool for further studies relating to the assessment of climate change impacts on river basin water systems.

Editor Z. W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor D. Hughes