济宁市采煤塌陷地引湖充填复垦模式初探

济宁市采煤塌陷地数量巨大,塌陷地复垦任务艰巨,主要的原因是没有足够的填充物复垦塌陷地,利用运河航道清淤及湖泊泥浆充填能很好地解决这一难题。从济宁市采煤塌陷地现状分布、破坏程度入手,对治理模式进行剖析,根据多年来运河航道的清淤、湖泊泥浆充填工程的有益经验,探讨南四湖周围塌陷地引湖充填复垦的可行性。     

Restoring earth surface processes through landform design. A 13‐year monitoring of a geomorphic reclamation model for quarries on slopes

The application of geomorphic principles to land reclamation after surface mining has been reported in the literature since the mid‐1990s, mostly from Australia, Canada and the USA. This paper discusses the reclamation problems of contour mining and quarries on slopes, where steep gradients are prone to both mass movement and water erosion. To address these problems simultaneously, a geomorphic model for reclaiming surface mined slopes is described. Called the ‘highwall–trench–concave slope’ model, it was first applied in the 1995 reclamation of a quarry on a slope (La Revilla) in Central Spain. The geomorphic model does not reproduce the original topography, but has two very different sectors and objectives: (i) the highwall–trench sector allows the former quarry face to evolve naturally by erosion, accommodating fallen debris by means of a trench constructed at the toe of the highwall; (ii) the concave‐slope base sector, mimicking the landforms of the surrounding undisturbed landscape, promotes soil formation and the establishment of self‐sustaining, functional ecosystems in the area protected from sedimentation by the trench. The model improves upon simple topographic reconstruction, because it rebuilds the surficial geology architecture and facilitates re‐establishment of equilibrium slopes through the management and control of geomorphic processes. Thirteen years of monitoring of the geomorphic and edaphic evolution of La Revilla reclaimed quarry confirms that the area is functioning as intended: the highwall is backwasting and material is accumulating at the trench, permitting the recovery of soils and vegetation on the concave slope. However, the trench is filling faster than planned, which may lead to run‐off and sedimentation on the concave slope once the trench is full. The lesson learned for other scenarios is that the model works well in a two‐dimensional scheme, but requires a three‐dimensional drainage management, breaking the reclaimed area into several watersheds with stream channels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中水设施建设适宜性评价:以北京市为例

水资源的缺乏使越来越多的城市和城区开始使用中水作为额外的经济合理的供水水源,并为此制定相应政策。然而,不适宜的中水利用政策往往对用水户使用再生水产生不利影响。本研究目的在于评价中水设施建设适宜性并分析不同行业的中水利用适宜情况,为制定或修订中水利用政策提供参考。本研究以北京市为研究区,在中水生产成本影响因素分析基础上,得到了中水设施建设限制因素和中水设施建设适宜条件,并对北京市机关、高校、饭店的用水户进行了适宜性评价。本研究结果表明,运行水量对中水生产成本有决定性影响。有效原水量对应的给水量、有效中水需求量、建筑面积适合作为中水设施建设影响因素,它们的下限可作为中水设施建设适宜条件。本研究通过分析北京市部分机关、高校、饭店用水户的用水情况,得到这些行业的中水设施建设适宜条件,并用于适宜性评价。评价结果表明,大部分机关用水户和大部分一、二星级饭店不适宜建设中水设施,而大部分高校和大部分三星级以上饭店适宜建设中水设施。     

Effects of plant types on physico-chemical properties of reclaimed mining soil in Inner Mongolia,China

A field experiment was conducted in Jungar Banner, Inner Mongolia, China to study the effects of plant types on the physical structure and chemical properties of open-cast mining soils reclaimed for 15 years, and to analyze the triggering factors of the soil formation. Results indicate that plant types affect soil-forming process especially in the upper layer (0–20 cm), and the spatial structure of reclaimed plant is the main reason for variability of the soil-forming process. In the upper soil layer at the site reclaimed with mixed plants, the concentrations of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil organic carbon (SOC) are the highest, and they were significantly higher at the sites reclaimed with Leymus chinensis, Caragana sinica, which is mainly due to a large amount of litter fall and root exudation in herbages and shrubs. However, the concentrations of SOM and SOC in the soils at the reclaimed sites are quite low comparing with those in local primary soil, which indicates the importance of using organic amendments during the ecological restoration in the study area.     

黑龙江海伦地区垦殖前后典型黑土剖面主要养分元素垂直分布特征

垦殖前后典型黑土主要养分元素特征研究对东北黑土资源的可持续利用和保护东北大粮仓具有重要作用.在松嫩平原东部海伦地区对比研究了典型黑土区40年间土地利用未发生改变的地区（本次对比研究林地和耕地）,布设了4条典型黑土剖面,对垦殖前后典型黑土剖面中土壤肥力的主要指标元素（有机质、全氮、全磷、C：N及pH值）分别对比分析.结果表明：有机质、全氮、全磷含量表现为随土壤深度急剧下降—缓慢下降—基本稳定的变化趋势;垦殖虽然改变了各土层土壤中养分元素的含量,但是并未改变其随土壤深度的变化规律;垦殖在一定程度上影响了表层黑土土壤的pH值,导致耕地表层黑土土壤慢慢酸化.研究结果可为黑土资源的可持续利用、保护及修复提供科学依据.     

矿山地质环境遥感监测方法初探

针对中国矿山地质环境监管的需求,分别就重要矿集区矿山地质环境监测、矿区滑坡危险性评估、矿区土地复垦可行性研 究、尾矿库监测与安全性评估4个目标提出了遥感监测与综合评价方法,为矿山地质环境监管提供了新的技术手段,能够进一 步加强中国矿山地质环境监管的时效性,并以此促进遥感技术在矿山地质环境监测中发挥更大的作用.     

填海造陆区旋喷桩止水帷幕施工实践

填海造陆区地层回填时间短,填料成分多以开山碎石为主,结构松散,空隙大,地下水与海水连通性好,在潮汐作用下,海水的冲刷能力强,在该类地层中施工止水帷幕存在成孔难和浆液难在原处凝固2个技术难题。在详细地分析了施工区的工程地质条件后对旋喷桩的成孔工艺和施工顺序进行了大胆的尝试和创新,并在施工过程中进行了合理的改进和优化,取得了良好的施工效果。     

曹妃甸浅滩潮道保护意义及曹妃甸新老填海规划对比分析

曹妃甸填海工程是全国第一大填海工程,拟填海造陆310 km2,建设曹妃甸工业区。曹妃甸海区有曹妃甸外缘深槽和老龙沟深槽两大港口潜力区,建设曹妃甸工业区,使其充分发挥优良港口的作用是合理的。但填海面积过大,填挖土石方严重不平衡,尤其是通岛公路的建设阻断了曹妃甸浅滩潮道是曹妃甸老填海规划的主要缺陷。曹妃甸浅滩潮道是浅滩区的重要潮流通道,对维护老龙沟深槽港口潜力区和区域海洋环境有重要作用,不应被阻断而应当保留畅通。海洋专家们的呼吁对曹妃甸填海规划的修改起了重要作用。近来出台的曹妃甸新填海规划做了重大修改:准备再开通浅滩潮道,恢复北东东向的浅滩潮流系统;要在老龙沟附近修建一个大港池,使老龙沟深槽港口潜力区得到保护和利用;填挖土石方平衡有了明显改善;增加了岸线;减轻了对海洋环境的影响。但仍然存在某些需要进一步完善和推敲之处。津塘—曹妃甸地区是中国两大地面沉降区之一,应做好防止地面沉降、海洋灾害及地震灾害等隐患的准备。填海面积不宜过大,少填多察,多做海洋环境检测。填海要在海洋环境容量能够承受的情况下循序渐进地进行。     

The impact of reclamation cover depth on the performance of reclaimed shale overburden at an oil sands mine in Northern Alberta,Canada

Multilayer covers are widely accepted reclamation designs in the oil sands region of northern Alberta, Canada, with an ultimate goal of revegetating to species characteristic of predisturbance native plant communities. To determine the optimal depth of reclamation material required to reclaim overburden shale from an oil sands mine, an evaluation was made of the long‐term performance of six reclamation soil cover depths all placed over overburden. The measured soil water contents from different cover thicknesses at South Bison Hills located at the Syncrude Mine site north of Fort McMurray, Alberta, were used to calibrate and validate a dual‐porosity model in HYDRUS‐1D. The calibrated and validated model was then used to evaluate the influence of cover thickness and climatic variability on plant available water for forest growth. The frequency distributions of actual transpiration (T_r) for six cover treatments with a range of leaf area index (LAI) cases were developed. These T_r frequency distributions were then modified by coupling T_r and LAI. The modified frequency distributions for annual T_r for the six simulated cover thickness highlight the strong nonlinearity between the distributions of T_r over a long‐term (60 years) climate cycle in that incremental increases in cover thickness do not produce proportional increases in T_r. The results indicated that, once the cover thickness exceeds 100 cm, there is little incremental increase in the median value of T_r over the 60‐year climate cycle. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ecosystem service valuation of bays in East China Sea and its response to sea reclamation activities

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Ecosystem service values (ESVs) of bays and their response to sea reclamation are of great practical importance for forming bay eco-compensation policy and...