Variation of precipitation for the last 300 years over the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River

Reconstruction of high-resolution historical climatic series is the key issue for Past Global Changes (PAGES) and Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR), the two core projects of the international research programme on global changes. High-resolu- tion historical climatic data are vital for our under-standing the mechanisms of climatic variability, im-proving climate model, and distinguishing anthropo-genic effects from the natural forcing on climate change[1,2]. China, with co…     

1950—2020年东北地区林地时空变化特征分析

基于地形图、土地利用现状图提取并分析1950—2020年东北地区林地时空变化格局。结果表明：① 地形图中记载的林地信息能有效反映20世纪中期东北地区林地基本特征;研究期内林地呈先增后减态势,增幅达10.04×10⁴ km²,同期覆盖率从34.67%增至44.97%;市域林地均呈增加态势,净增幅前5的市域均超5 000 km²。② 研究期内林地不变、增加和减少区面积分别为28.36×10⁴ km²、15.49×10⁴ km²和5.45×10⁴ km²;林地不变区沿长白山、大小兴安岭呈倒U字形分布,占2020年林地面积的64.68%;林地增加区集中于辽河平原、长白山西侧、三江平原东侧、大兴安岭东西两侧;林地减少区零星分散、未呈明显集聚。③ 林地减少的流向表明,农业拓垦是东北地区林地减少的主因,侵占林地规模占林地减少量的88.18%,转化为耕地的区域主要分布在平原与山脉结合处及河谷地带;河流水体与城乡建设占用的林地基本相当,约占林地减少量的2.00%,城乡建设未对林地造成较大损坏。④ 研究期立地条件有大幅改善,林地距城镇平均距离缩减2.26 km,半数新增林地位于城镇10 km范围内;林地平均高程下降41.44 m,超半数新增林地位于高程300 m以内,林地向城镇延伸和“下山进平原”现象明显。     

The ostracod assemblages and their environmental significance in the Chen Co area, southern Tibet in recent 1400 years

The CC1 core, with a length of 216 cm, was drilled in the west part of the Chen Co (Lake) in southern Tibet Plateau. The 210Pb and 137Cs measurement indicated that it was a consecutive sedimentary sequence since ca. 1400 years. The ostracoda and their assemblages under the level of 1 cm samples' cutting interval were finished for this core to reveal the past environmental changes in the lake area. A total of 15 species of ostracods belonging to 7 genera in the core sediments had been identified. According to the ostracod distributions, abundances and preservations in the core, seven ostracod assemblages had been distinguished. The ostracod assemblages and their ecological features, together with the sediments dating decision were used to infer the past ca. 1400 years environmental changes of the Chen Co environmental evolutions in three stages, which had responded to the Medieval Ages Warm-period (MAW), the Little Ice Age (LIA) and modern warm period. The results show that the changes of the Chen Co environment had been mainly influenced by the climatic variations. The trend of the lake level fluctuations had been accorded with that of climatic variation during the past 1400 years.     

江苏省近两千年气候变化研究

建立一个温度指数序列和苏南、苏北两个旱涝等级序列,序列长度在６００￣１８００ａ间。分历史气候时期（近２０００ａ）和实测资料时期（近百年）对冷暖（温度）和旱涝（降水）变化规律作研究,提出宏观趋势。     

北极各海域海冰覆盖范围的变化特征

Sea ice in the Arctic has been reducing rapidly in the past half century due to global warming.This study analyzes the variations of sea ice extent in the entire Arctic Ocean and its sub regions.The results indicate that sea ice extent reduction during 1979–2013 is most significant in summer,following by that in autumn,winter and spring.In years with rich sea ice,sea ice extent anomaly with seasonal cycle removed changes with a period of 4–6 years.The year of 2003–2006 is the ice-rich period with diverse regional difference in this century.In years with poor sea ice,sea ice margin retreats further north in the Arctic.Sea ice in the Fram Strait changes in an opposite way to that in the entire Arctic.Sea ice coverage index in melting-freezing period is an critical indicator for sea ice changes,which shows an coincident change in the Arctic and sub regions.Since 2002,Region C2 in north of the Pacific sector contributes most to sea ice changes in the central Aarctic,followed by C1 and C3.Sea ice changes in different regions show three relationships.The correlation coefficient between sea ice coverage index of the Chukchi Sea and that of the East Siberian Sea is high,suggesting good consistency of ice variation.In the Atlantic sector,sea ice changes are coincided with each other between the Kara Sea and the Barents Sea as a result of warm inflow into the Kara Sea from the Barents Sea.Sea ice changes in the central Arctic are affected by surrounding seas.     

The effect of Ca–Fe–As coatings on microbial leaching of metals in arsenic bearing mine waste

Globally arsenic (As) is a ubiquitous trace element derived from the natural weathering of As-bearing rock. With the onset of reducing conditions, the prevalence of aqueous As(III) may be intensified through biotic and abiotic processes. Here we evaluate the stability of arsenic bearing Ca–Fe hydroxide phases collected from exposed tailings at Ketza River mine, Yukon, Canada, during the reductive dissolution of both acid treated and untreated samples by Shewanella putrefaciens 200R and Shewanella sp. ANA-3. Samples were acid treated in order to remove Ca–Fe oxide coatings and evaluate the influence of these coatings on the rates of microbial Fe(III) and As(V) reduction. Environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) micrographs of the solid phase show significant differences in the chemistry and physical morphology of the material by the bacteria over time and are especially evident in the acid treated samples. Moreover, while solution chemistry showed similar As(III) respiration rates of the inoculated acid treated samples for both ANA3 and 200R at ~ 1.1 × 10⁻⁶ μM·s^− 1·m^− 2, the Fe(II) respiration rates differed at 1.4 × 10^− 7 and 9.5 × 10^− 8 μM·s^− 1·m⁻² respectively, thus suggesting strain specific metal reduction metabolic pathways Additionally, the enhanced metal reduction observed in the acid treated inoculated samples suggests that the presence of the Ca–Fe hydroxide phase in the untreated samples acted as a barrier, inhibiting the bacteria from accessing the metals. This has implications for increased mobilization of metals by metal reducing bacteria within areas of increased acidity, such as acid mine drainage sites and industrial tailings ponds that can come into contact with surface and ground water sources.     

历史气候变化影响研究中的社会经济等级序列重建方法探讨

重建历史时期的社会经济序列是研究气候变化对社会经济影响的难点问题.基于中国历史文献记载丰富、覆盖时段长、记录时间分辨率高、含有大量的社会经济信息描述的特点,本文阐述了采用语义差异法定量重建历史时期社会经济序列的方法,特别是其中的文字描述等级化和时间尺度归一化技术.语义差异法源于心理学,通常采用双极(相对、反义)形容词来刻画研究对象的属性,以表示不同程度的言语进行量化区分,根据描述词汇的语义差异构建分级量表.采用语义差异法对历史社会经济变化进行量化的关键是确定重建指标分级量化的标准,需要在兼顾不同词汇的语义是否易于区分的同时,特别注意各等级及其所对应的标准词汇的物理意义.时间尺度归一化主要解决根据原始记录重建的原始等级序列可能存在的时间分辨率不均等或时间不连续问题,以10年分辨率作为时间尺度均一化的基本时间单元,对年分辨率的记录,可采取先逐年等级化重建再加权平均到10年等级值的方法进行升尺度处理;对年代际以上尺度的数据则可先直接对记录进行等级化,再通过多时间分辨率10年数据的融合方法进行降尺度处理,得到10年分辨率的等级值.     

中国防沙治沙实践与沙漠科学发展的70年——Ⅰ.初创篇

防沙治沙工作自新中国成立之初就是国家层面上的重要任务.随着国家大规模社会经济活动的展开,干旱半干旱区的绿洲、农田、牧场、公路、铁路、渠道、乡镇村落和一些重要基础设施都面临着风沙危害,需要积极应对,开展防沙治沙工作.而面对沙漠科学基本空白的科研工作者们,则需要在形成防沙治沙关键科技支撑的同时,发展中国沙漠科学,这就是20...     

北半球及其各大洲过去1200年温度变化的若干特征

利用近年来发表的北半球、北半球各大洲及中国近千年温度序列, 分析了年代至百年尺度上北半球和中国温度变化之间的异同性、北半球各大洲百年尺度典型暖期和典型冷期的位相差异, 并比较了中世纪典型暖期与20世纪暖期的温暖程度差异。结果表明:1)在150~200年周期段, 北半球和中国平均温度变化主要受太阳活动的影响, 具有相似的变化特征; 2)在50年和100年的尺度上, 北半球和中国温度的变化速率具有相似性, 近150年来二者都表现出持续的增温趋势; 3)北半球洲际尺度上不存在起止时间相近的百年尺度典型暖期和冷期; 4)北半球、中国及其他大洲最近30年(1971~2000A.D.)的温度较中世纪(800~1250A.D.)任何30年时段都要高, 而最近100年(1901~2000A.D.)的温度只有北极地区显著高于中世纪最暖100年。     

55年来黄河下游逐日水沙过程变化及其对干流建库的响应

以55年来(1950-2004年)黄河下游花园口和利津水文站逐日水沙资料为依据,将黄河下游水沙变化分为5个阶段,分别与4个黄河干流水库的开始运作时间对应,分析和对比了花园口和利津两站5阶段逐日水沙记录和图谱特征和变化。结果显示黄河下游逐日水沙特征在干流水库的运作下发生显著的阶段性改变,至小浪底水库建成后发生了根本性变化,主要是洪峰和沙峰消失,传统汛期与非汛期季节划分趋于模糊,调水调沙短期内的输沙量占全年输沙量的2/3以上,下游由淤积变为冲刷、可能产生泥沙异重流的天数大幅度减少。下游河道有显著的削峰、滞洪和淤沙作用,花园口/利津站36月逐日水沙量差距分阶段快速加大,最大可达20倍,表明下游耗水增加并集中在春灌时段,是入海水量减少的主因之一。目前,水库联合调水调沙期间是河口异重流发育的最佳时段。55年来黄河下游逐日水沙过程的变化表明,黄河逐日水沙特征发生了受控于人类活动的根本性变化。