GPS应变率场计算方法研究进展

基于大地测量资料获取地壳运动与应变积累定量结果一直是国内外重视的地震中长期预测的技术途径。 针对地震变形过程的准确描述问题, 国内外学者基于GPS资料, 发展了多种应变率场解算方法。 本文首先简要介绍了GPS应变率计算的基本原理, 然后系统梳理了国内外多种计算方法的优势和不足, 结果表明: 应变率计算的数学方法只考虑几何关系, 其中整体方法主要适合数据密度和分布较好条件下获取区域地壳变形分布与趋势, 局部方法主要适用于数据较为稀疏情况下描述构造块体的变形特征; 应变率计算的物理方法既考虑几何关系又考虑物理关系, 其中, 位错方法根据主要适合于研究区域存在主控断层的情况(研究区域的变形主要由少数断层控制); 数值模拟方法(如有限元法)主要适用于区域地质、 地球物理的资料比较完备的情况。     

Predicting reach‐specific properties of fluvial terraces to guide future fieldwork. A case study for the Late Quaternary River Allier (France) with the FLUVER2 model

Numerical models have not yet systematically been used to predict properties of fluvial terrace records in order to guide fieldwork and sampling. This paper explores the potential of the longitudinal profile model FLUVER2 to predict testable field properties of the relatively well‐studied, Late Quaternary Allier system in France. For the Allier terraces an overlapping ¹⁴C and U‐series chronology as well as a record of ¹⁰Be erosion rates exist. The FLUVER2 modelling exercise is focused on the last 50 ka of the upper Allier reach because for this location and period the constraints of the available dating techniques are tightest. A systematic calibration based on terrace occurrence and thicknesses was done using three internal parameters related to (1) the sediment erodibility; (2) the sediment transport distance; and (3) the sediment supply derived from the surrounding landscape. As external model inputs, the best available, reconstructed, tectonic, climatic and base‐level data were used. Calibrated model outputs demonstrate a plausible match with the existing fluvial record. Validation of model output was done by comparing the modelled and measured timing of aggradation and incision phases for the three locations. The modelled range of landscape erosion rates showed a reasonably good match with existing erosion rate estimates derived from ¹⁰Be measurements of fluvial sands. The quasi‐validated model simulation was subsequently used to make new testable predictions about the timing and location of aggradation and erosion phases for three locations along the Allier river. The validated simulations predict that along the Allier, reach‐specific dynamics of incision and aggradation, related to the variations in sediment supply by major tributaries, cause relevant differences in the local fluvial terrace stratigraphy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

几种电法仪器在地质勘查中的应用

文章介绍了几类物探电法仪器的工作原理、技术特点和适用范围,强调了物探资料的合理解释必须与地质认识相结合的重要性,物探工作要做实做细,对物探原始资料要选择合理的方法与参量进行计算处理,结合一些具体的勘测实例,说明各种方法的有效性及其实际应用效果.     

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重庆万州区山地分类定量化研究

文章在GIS技术支持下,基于水文分析模型,通过DEM数据,结合山地综合分类模型,以重庆市万州区为例,对山地进行定量化分类研究,结果表明:以负地形洼地贡献区域作为山地相对高程的起算面,完全摆脱了人为因素的影响,解决了一直以来难以确定山地相对高度起算范围的难题;以负地形洼地深度作为山地相对高程是正确可行的,且能快速获取山地的相对高程;以山地表面积代替投影面积计算山地率更切合实际.     

Erosion-driven uplift of the modern Central Alps

We present a compilation of data of modern tectono-geomorphic processes in the Central European Alps which suggest that observed rock uplift is a response to climate-driven denudation. This interpretation is predominantly based on the recent quantification of basin-averaged Late Holocene denudation rates that are so similar to the pattern and rates of rock uplift rates as determined by geodetic leveling. Furthermore, a GPS data-based synthesis of Adriatic microplate kinematics suggests that the Central Alps are currently not in a state of active convergence. Finally, we illustrate that the Central Alps have acted as a closed system for Holocene redistribution of sediment in which the peri-Alpine lakes have operated as a sink for the erosional products of the inner Central Alps.While various hypotheses have been put forward to explain Central Alpine rock uplift (e.g. lithospheric forcing by convergence, mantle processes, or ice melting) we show with an elastic model of lithospheric deformation, that the correlation between erosion and rock uplift rates reflects a positive feedback between denudation and the associated isostatic response to unloading. Thus, erosion does not passively respond to advection of crustal material as might be the case in actively converging orogens. Rather, we suggest that the geomorphic response of the Alpine topography to glacial and fluvial erosion and the resulting disequilibrium for modern channelized and associated hillslope processes explains much of the pattern of modern denudation and hence rock uplift. Therefore, in a non-convergent orogen such as the Central European Alps, the observed vertical rock uplift is primarily a consequence of passive unloading due to erosion.     

中国西部现今地壳形变与地震活动特征

以1999-2004年间中国西部地区近650个GPS站点的观测资料为基础,采用二维“高张力样条”函数内插算法获得了连续地壳形变场。结果表明,相对于稳定欧亚参考框架,中国西部现今地壳运动西强东弱,北向运动从西向东逐渐减弱,东向运动逐渐增强,青藏高原东缘及附近地区是东向运动的消减区带;主应变从西向东由压缩应变转变为拉伸应变;最大剪应变主要位于喜马拉雅地块及其东部地区;中国西部地区地震活动在空间分布上似乎集中发生在印度板块北东向挤压欧亚板块的两条共扼带内,与地壳形变场有一定对应关系,地壳形变的高应变率区为中强地震多发地带。     

倾斜矢量图正常年变化破坏的机理研究

根据云南省楚雄、永胜台的倾斜矢量图在强震前正常年变化被破坏的事实,探讨了矢量图面积异常与地震的关系。认为矢量图所围面积的变化与地下水的作用固然有一定的关系,而起决定作用的是地震前应变积累的程度。倾斜矢量图面积的减小可以作为预报的一项参考指标。     

基于WOA-BP算法的海底管道腐蚀速率预测

管道腐蚀速率的影响因素众多且各因素协同作用,构成异常复杂的腐蚀体系,很难对其进行准确预测。针对单一BP模型由于初始权值和阈值的选取不当容易陷入局部最优等问题,引入WOA算法优化BP神经网络对海底管道腐蚀速率进行预测,并与GA和PSO算法优化BP预测模型进行对比,验证WOA-BP模型的预测效果和可行性。结果表明：WOA-BP模型的平均绝对百分误差和均方根误差分别为3.689%和0.1537,远低于单一BP、PSO-BP、GA-BP模型,具有较高的预测精度和稳定性,可以为海底管道内腐蚀防护和油气管道流动保障提供决策支持。     

人工冻土围压SHPB试验与冲击压缩特性分析

利用分离式Hopkinson压杆（SHPB）,以铝质套筒作为围压装置,分别研究温度为-8、-12、-16 ℃在不同应变率下的人工冻结黏土围压状态变形特征和轴向动态应力-应变关系。研究结果表明：在围压状态下,冻土呈黏塑性破坏特征;当人工冻结黏土温度为-16 ℃、平均应变率分别为410、457、525、650、827 s-1时,其最大应力分别为10.76、12.18、14.27、20.24、23.34 MPa,最大应变分别为0.081 7、0.097 2、0.105 0、0.131 0和0.166 0,表现出较强应变率效应;-12 ℃和-16 ℃时在应变率为457 s-1下的最大应力分别为8.28 MPa和12.18 MPa;当应变率相同时,温度越低,最大应力越大,冻结黏土表现出较强的温度相关性。人工冻土的动力学特性为冻土开挖方法的研究提供依据。