Nozzle optimization for water jet propulsion with a positive displacement pump

In the water jet propulsion system with a positive displacement （PD） pump, the nozzle, which converts pressure energy into kinetic energy, is one of the key parts exerting great influence on the reactive thrust and the efficiency of the system due to its high working pressure and easily occurring cavitation characteristics. Based on the previous studies of the energy loss and the pressure distribution of different nozzles, a model of water jet reactive thrust, which fully takes the energy loss and the nozzle parameters into consideration, is developed to optimize the nozzle design. Experiments and simulations are carried out to investigate the reactive thrust and the conversion efficiency of cylindrical nozzles, conical nozzles and optimized nozzles. The results show that the optimized nozzles have the largest reactive thrust and the highest energy conversion efficiency under the same inlet conditions. The related methods and conclusions are extended to the study of other applications of the water jet, such as water jet cutting, water mist fire suppression, water injection molding.     

Effect of dietary supplementation of vitamin C on growth,reactive oxygen species,and antioxidant enzyme activity of Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) juveniles exposed to nitrite

Different amounts of vitamin C were added to diets fed to juveniles(2.5 ± 0.15 g) of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonic u s(Selenka) in an attempt to reduce the stress response of specimens exposed to nitrite stress. A commercial feed was used as the control diet and three experimental diets were made by supplementing 1 000, 1 500, or 2 000 mg vitamin C/kg diet to control diet separately in a 45-day experiment. Sea cucumbers were exposed to three different levels(0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/L) of nitrite stress for 4, 8, and 12 h at four time intervals(0, 15, 30, and 45 d). Growth of the animals was recorded during the experiment. Reactive oxygen species(ROS)(i.e. hydroxyl free radical(-OH), malondialdehyde(MDA) and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)) and antioxidant enzyme activities(i.e., superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT)) were measured. Response surface methodology(RSM) was used to analyze the effect of multiple factors on ROS indices and enzyme activities. Weight gain(WG) and special growth rate(SGR) of vitamin C supplementation groups were significantly higher than those of control group( P 0.05). The levels of-OH and MDA increased under exposure time extending and nitrite concentration increasing, whereas T-AOC level decreased. SOD and CAT activities increased at 4 h and 8 h and decreased at 12 h. During the days in which the animal consumed experimental diets, the levels of-OH and MDA decreased and that of T-AOC increased. This result suggests that diets containing vitamin C could reduce the nitrite stress response in the animals and increase their antioxidant capacity. The multifactor regression equation of growth performance, ROS indices, and duration of feeding results suggest that vitamin C supplementation of 1 400–2 000 mg/kg diet for 29–35 days could reduce effectively the effects of nitrite exposure.     

超孔隙水压力对低塑性黏性土桩土界面抗剪强度的影响

研究黏性土中桩土界面的抗剪强度及其参数受超孔隙水压力影响的规律,对工程实践具有重要意义。利用自制的大型恒刚度直剪仪,完成了一系列不同界面粗糙度、不同试样含水率和不同剪切速率试验条件下的直剪试验,分析了在不同试验条件下超孔隙水压力变化规律,进而得到考虑超孔隙水压力的桩土界面抗剪强度及其参数的变化规律。研究结果表明：随着界面粗糙度等级提高,桩土界面超孔隙水压力减小,桩土界面抗剪强度、有效黏聚力和有效摩擦系数增加;随着含水率的增加,桩土界面超孔隙水压力增加,桩土界面抗剪强度降低,含水率对桩土界面抗剪强度的影响主要是改变了桩土界面的黏聚力,黏聚力先增大后减小,对摩擦系数的影响较小;特定试验条件下,随着剪切速率的增加,桩土界面超孔隙水压力增加,桩土界面抗剪强度降低,桩土界面黏聚力先增大后又减小,变化幅度不超过2 kPa,对摩擦系数的影响较小。因此,桩土界面抗剪强度及其参数是界面粗糙度、试样含水率和剪切速率变化引起超孔隙水压力变化共同影响的结果,试验结果可供相关工程设计参考。     

硅的生物地球化学循环研究进展

生命元素硅在陆地生态系统和水生生态系统中都扮演着重要的角色。它的生物地球化学循环与全球碳循环和全球气候交化密切相关。因此,近年来逐渐成为研究的热点。本文概述了近年来国内外有关硅的生物地球化学循环的研究进展,包括陆地和海洋中硅的生物地球化学循环过程及人类活动对硅循环的影响等方面,指出日前研究中存在的问题,展望了研究的重点。     

赣中变质岩带中矽线石的初步研究

赣中变质岩带在空间上具递增变质带分布特征,根据随变质作用增强而出现的新变质矿物及矿物组合划分出绢云母绿泥石带、黑云母带、铁铝石带、十字石带、矽线石带,部分地段还出现混合岩带。矽线石发育于矽线石带的含榴矽线云母片岩、含矽线斜长变粒岩中,化学成分与其寄主岩石的化学成分、成物成分有一定的关系,富含Al、K和云母的含榴矽线云母片岩,其中的矽线石中Al含量相对高,K含量很低。而富含Si、Ca、Na、K和斜长石,贫Al和云母的含矽线斜长变粒岩,其中的矽线石中Al、Na含量相对稍低,K含量稍高。     

Geochemical Tracing of Ore-forming Material Sources of Carlin-type Gold Deposits in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi Triangle Area --A Case Study of the Application of the Combined Silicon Isotopes Geochemistry and Siliceous Cathodoluminescence Analysis

This paper deals with characteristics of silicon isotope compositions and siliceous cathodolumines-cence of host rocks, ores and hydrothermal silicified quartz of the Carlin-type ore deposits in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi triangle area. The study shows that primary silicified quartz is nonluminescent but quartz in host rocks andsecondary silicified quartz are luminescent by the action of cathode rays. Correspondingly, silicon isotope composi-tions of host rocks, ores and hydrothermal quartz veins are clearly distinguished. In strata from the Middle Triassic tothe "Dachang" host bed, δ~(30)Si of the host rocks ranges from 0.0‰-0.3‰, while that of primary ore-forming silici-fied fluids from -0.1‰ to -0.4‰, in the Upper Permian and Lower Carboniferous strata and Indosinian diabasehost beds, δ~(30)Si of the host rocks is from -0.1‰ to -0.2‰ and that of the primary silicified quartz veins from 0.3‰-0.5‰. This pattern demonstrates the following geochemical mineralization process: primary ore-forming sili-ceous fluids migrated upwards quickly along the main passages of deep-seated faults from mantle to crust and en-tered secondary faults where gold deposits were eventually formed as a result of permeation and replacement of thesiliceous ore-forming fluids into different ore-bearing strata. This gives important evidence for the fact that ore-forming fluids of this type of gold deposits were mainly derived from upper mantle differentiation and shows goodprospects for deep gold deposits and geochemical background for large and superlarge gold deposits.     

等值反磁通瞬变电磁法在城市轨道交通岩溶勘察中的应用

采用ICP-AES法对金属硅中的B、P、Al、Mn、Ca、Mg、Fe等28种微量和痕量元素进行分析。根据元素的化学性质制定预处理方法,优化ICP-AES光谱仪测试样品的最佳工作条件。在缺少金属硅标准物质的情况下,选择硅含量较高的国家一级岩石标准物质（GBW07106）进行试验,该标准物质的回收率在95.0%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差RSD在0.21%～4.01%之间。实际分析工作表明,该方法准确、快速,符合DZ/T 0130—2006的要求。