地下水中氯代烃的格栅水处理技术

挥发性氯代烃是地下水中检出率较高的有机污染物 ,同时也是饮用水氯气消毒的副产物 ,而它对人体的危害也已经得到了USEPA等机构的认同。文中主要从格栅材料、降解机理、影响还原性脱氯效率的因素、实际工程中应注意的问题以及发展方向等方面 ,对地下水中挥发性氯代烃的处理技术进行了阐述 ,介绍了格栅处理地下水中挥发性氯代烃的最新进展和实际意义 ,提出了格栅系统的实际应用潜力和存在的问题 ,特别是双金属系统的催化机理和催化剂失活问题 ,给国内这方面的研究者提供思路。     

Remediation of TCE-contaminated groundwater using zero valent iron and direct current: experimental results and electron competition model

The objectives of this study are to design an optimal electro-enhanced permeable reactive barrier (E2PRB) system for the remediation of trichloroethylene (TCE)-contaminated water using zero valent iron (ZVI) and direct current (DC) and to investigate the mechanisms responsible for TCE degradation in different ZVI-DC configurations. A series of column experiments was conducted to evaluate the effect of different arrangements of electrodes and ZVI barriers in the column on the TCE removal capacity (RC). In twelve different combinations of ZVI and/or DC application in the test columns, the rate of reductive dechlorination of TCE was improved up to six times with simultaneous application of ZVI and DC compared to that using ZVI only. The most effective arrangement of electrode and ZVI for TCE removal was the column set with ZVI and a cathode installed at the down gradient. Based on the electrokinetic study for the column systems with only DC input, single acid front movement could explain different RCs. An enhanced dechlorination rate of TCE using E2PRB systems, compared to a conventional PRB system, was observed, and is considered to be attributed to more electron sources: (1) external DC, (2) electrolysis of water, (3) oxidation of ZVI, (4) oxidation of dissolved Fe²⁺, (5) oxidation of molecular hydrogen at the cathode, and (6) oxidation of Fe²⁺ in mineral precipitates. Each of these electron sources was evaluated for their potential influencing the TCE RC through the electron competition model and energy consumption. A strong correlation between the quantity of electrons generated, RC, and the energy-effectiveness was found.     

感应测井的复视电导率响应特性

感应测井的实部视电导率 (也叫R信号 )与虚部视电导率 (也叫X信号 )构成复视电导率。在给出这两种视电导率定义之后 ,利用解析解和数值模式匹配法计算了几种地层的感应测井的两种视电导率响应曲线。得出的主要结论有 :虚部视电导率对实部视电导率起一定的趋肤效应补偿作用 ;虚部视电导率的探测深度大于实部视电导率 ;井眼对实部视电导率的影响较大 ;实部视电导率的纵向分辨率优于虚部视电导率 ;当线圈系穿过的地层磁导率有变化时 ,虚部视电导率将有较大的波动。     

断裂多孔岩石中的复杂反应流体动力学

:断裂多孔介质中的流体流动和组分输运过程对于理解金属成矿过程、油气运移、污染物质的输运和分布十分重要 ,近 2 0年来得到了广泛的研究。文中综述了这一领域的进展 ,涉及断裂多孔介质中的流体流动和组分输运的连续介质模型、多孔介质和断裂多孔介质的渗透率关系 ,特别是重点介绍了渗滤理论及其在断裂多孔介质中的流体流动和组分输运中的应用     

Incorporating nonlinear isotherms into robust multilayer sorptive barrier design

Sorptive barrier technologies have emerged as useful tools for addressing a wide range of remediation problems. When simulating barrier performance, numerous isotherm expressions are available for relating aqueous and sorbed concentrations. However, isotherm selection is non-trivial because alternative expressions may yield comparable fits to experimental data. Additionally, concentration data collected for parameter fitting is often outside the range of concentrations relevant to simulating barrier performance. This incompatibility necessitates extrapolation of isotherm behavior during simulation–optimization. Consequently, equally plausible isotherms may predict significantly different barrier performance.Numerical experiments involving organic contaminants were performed to examine the influence of isotherm selection and extrapolation on optimal barrier design. Ten isotherms were calibrated to existing experimental data and evaluated using information-theoretic selection criteria. When incorporated into simulation–optimization, extrapolation effects were clearly evident and optimal designs varied according to the chosen isotherm. To ensure robust barrier design in the presence of such variability, a simple methodology is proposed that utilizes a piecewise-minimum isotherm concept. By favoring plausible isotherms that predict the least amount of sorption, the methodology encourages conservative barrier design while respecting available data.     

脱落酸介导的逆境响应信号传导机制及在藻类中的分布与功能研究

植物激素是一类由植物合成的痕量有机物质,调控着植物的生长发育及对环境的适应。藻类属低级植物类群,且具有与高等植物类似的大多数激素类型,相对而言,藻类激素含量更少,却发挥着更高效的生理活性。无论在藻类,还是高等陆地植物,胁迫响应一直是研究十分活跃的领域。其中脱落酸(ABA)作为应激激素,所起的调节作用已得到人们的共识。本文总结了近些年关于ABA在藻类中的分布,ABA对抗氧化酶系的调控,ABA信号传导路径在陆地植物中的发现与代谢机制,以及利用蛋白质分子系统学对ABA信号传导途径的起源与进化的分析。在此基础上,提出未来藻类ABA参与的抗逆代谢调控研究应着重从潮间带海藻出发,参考陆地植物研究的成果,应用生物信息学结合生物化学等的手段,进行相关机制的探索。     

Reactive flow of mixed CO2–H2O fluid and progress of calc-silicate reactions in contact metamorphic aureoles: insights from two-dimensional numerical modelling

Previous models of hydrodynamics in contact metamorphic aureoles assumed flow of aqueous fluids, whereas CO₂ and other species are also common fluid components in contact metamorphic aureoles. We investigated flow of mixed CO₂–H₂O fluid and kinetically controlled progress of calc‐silicate reactions using a two‐dimensional, finite‐element model constrained by the geological relations in the Notch Peak aureole, Utah. Results show that CO₂ strongly affects fluid‐flow patterns in contact aureoles. Infiltration of magmatic water into a homogeneous aureole containing CO₂–H₂O sedimentary fluid facilitates upward, thermally driven flow in the inner aureole and causes downward flow of the relatively dense CO₂‐poor fluid in the outer aureole. Metamorphic CO₂‐rich fluid tends to promote upward flow in the inner aureole and the progress of devolatilization reactions causes local fluid expulsion at reacting fronts. We also tracked the temporal evolution of P‐T‐X_CO2conditions of calc‐silicate reactions. The progress of low‐ to medium‐grade (phlogopite‐ to diopside‐forming) reactions is mainly driven by heat as the CO₂ concentration and fluid pressure and temperature increase simultaneously. In contrast, the progress of the high‐grade wollastonite‐forming reaction is mainly driven by infiltration of chemically out‐of‐equilibrium, CO₂‐poor fluid during late‐stage heating and early cooling of the inner aureole and thus it is significantly enhanced when magmatic water is involved. CO₂‐rich fluid dominates in the inner aureole during early heating, whereas CO₂‐poor fluid prevails at or after peak temperature is reached. Low‐grade metamorphic rocks are predicted to record the presence of CO₂‐rich fluid, and high‐grade rocks reflect the presence of CO₂‐poor fluid, consistent with geological observations in many calc‐silicate aureoles. The distribution of mineral assemblages predicted by our model matches those observed in the Notch Peak aureole.     

Reactive Transport Process of Earthquake-induced Hydro-chemical Changes in Guanding Thermal Spring, Western Sichuan, China

Earthquake-related hydrochemical changes in thermal springs have been widely observed; however, quantitative modeling of the reactive transport process is absent. In the present study, we apply reactive transport simulation to capture the hydrochemical responses in a thermal spring following the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 and Lushan Ms 7.0 earthquakes. We first constrain deep reservoir geothermal fluid compositions and temperature by multicomponent geothermometry, and then a reactive geochemical transport model is constructed to reproduce the hydrochemical evolution process. The results show that the recharge from the shallow aquifer increases gradually until it reaches a peak because of the permeability enhancement caused by the Lushan earthquake, which may be the mechanism to explain the earthquake-related hydrochemical responses. In contrast to the postseismic effect of the Wenchuan earthquake, the chemical evolution can be considered as hydrochemical anomalies related to the Lushan earthquake. This study proves that the efficient simulation of reactive transport processes is useful for investigating earthquake-related signals in hydrochemical time series.     

基于碳化-固化技术的武汉东湖淤泥耐久性演变微观机制

引入活性MgO-粉煤灰固化材料,采用碳化-固化联合技术处理武汉东湖疏浚淤泥,通过无侧限抗压强度、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和压汞试验,研究持续浸水、干湿循环和冻融循环等复杂环境下碳化-固化淤泥力学性质和微观结构演变。结果表明:活性MgO-粉煤灰固化淤泥经碳化处理后具备更优异的水稳性,浸水破坏后碳化淤泥试样整体抗压强度高于固化试样,提升幅度约为29%;碳化试样强度随干湿循环次数增加呈缓慢增加趋势,而固化试样则表现为先上升后下降;随着冻融循环次数增加,碳化前后试样抗压强度变化一致,即快速达到峰值后缓慢减小至保持不变。微观分析表明:起骨架支撑作用的棱柱形碳酸镁石、起填充与黏结作用的花骨状和片状的水碳镁石和球碳镁石为主要碳化产物,骨架-填充-黏结协同作用使碳化试样强度高,水稳定性好,抗干湿冻融能力强;持续浸水促使球碳镁石和水碳镁石向碳酸镁石转化,大孔隙增多;干湿循环促使碳酸镁石向球碳镁石和水碳镁石转化;冻融作用下试样碳化产物之间无明显转化。