层状复合氢氧化物对硫酸钠的阴离子交换作用

以0.004~0.80 mol.L-1的Na2SO4溶液为交换介质,测定了层状复合氢氧化物(LDH)[Mg4.7Al(OH)11.4]Cl0.96(OH)0.04.7.9H2O在超声条件下的离子交换容量和交换平衡常数。结果显示层间Cl-离子的最大交换容量为1.497 mmol.g-1,OH-离子的最大交换容量为0.026 8 mmol.g-1,交换平衡常数pK值为3.65;固相的XRD、IR及BET-N2表征显示交换反应后SO42-的Td对称性降低,LDH的晶胞参数c和通道高度h增大,结晶度下降,微晶的层间吸附活性降低,微孔吸附容量减小。     

8000-year history of palaeoproductivity in a large boreal lake

An 8000-year record of palaeoproductivity, based on the chemical and chironomid stratigraphies from Lake Päijänne, S. Finland, was assessed with respect to known morphometric, climatic and anthropogenic events. A gradual trend of dystrophication and an associated decrease in aquatic production was detected during the Holocene, with the following exceptions: (1) high diatom and chironomid production around 8000-6000 cal yr BP, (2) eutrophication around 2000 cal yr BP, and (3) an anthropogenic signal during the last few decades.The changes in chironomid assemblages, before the past few decades, have mainly been shifts in concentration, but not in species composition. Variation in chironomid production was mainly explained by the accumulations of biogenic silicon, carbon and organic matter. Nutrient availability seems to be important in controlling biogenic silicon, which we use to infer past diatom production. The high production ca. 8000-6000 cal yr BP and the fluctuation in chironomid influx after ca. 2000 cal yr BP, however, were probably caused by the proposed warm/dry and cold/wet conditions during these times, respectively. These results highlight the sensitivity of boreal shield lake ecosystems to climatic forcing. In contrast, the pronounced change in the morphometry of the basin around 7000 cal yr BP had little effect on the trophic state of the lake. The human-induced trophic change during the past few decades has affected the Lake Päijänne ecosystem to an extent never experienced before during the last 8000-years.     

Causes for continuous siltation of the lower Yellow River

Previous studies indicate that aggradation of a river channel is caused by upriver and/or downriver controls, but the evaluation of their relative importance is often difficult. A method is proposed to isolate the effect of the downriver control based on the slopes of the existing river profile, those of the graded profile estimated from the discharge-sediment relationship and slope reduction due to local base-level rise. The method was applied to the rapidly aggrading lower Yellow River. The downriver control in this case refers to the local base-level rise associated with deltaic extension during the period under discussion. The result shows that the main portion of siltation along the river is not caused by downriver control but by the slope difference between the existing and the graded profiles over a period within the last 700 years, assuming conditions of discharge and sediment load during the period from 1962 to 1985 are reflective of the long term. The marked slope difference between the existing and the graded profiles of the river is a result of changes in the river environment in the past several thousand years including the increase of sediment load, local base-level rise associated with river lengthening by deltaic growth, and relative sea-level rise due to tectonic subsidence of the coastal alluvial plain.     

黑河上游山地土壤容重分布特征及影响因素

土壤容重不仅可用作计算土壤持水力和导水性,也是估算土壤养分和碳储量的重要变量。野外测定土壤容重一般费时费力,特别是在地形复杂的山区,因此山地土壤容重在国内外大多数清查数据库中缺失。本文以黑河上游山地为例,基于野外调查的124个土壤剖面,研究了山地土壤容重的空间分布特征及影响因素。结果表明:黑河上游山地0~10 cm和0~60 cm土壤容重分别为0.91±0.02 g·cm^-3 和1.04±0.01 g·cm^-3;不同植被类型下,高山寒漠容重最大,山地森林最小。随着土壤深度的增加,容重呈幂函数递增;随着土壤有机质含量的增加,容重呈指数递减。区域上,黑河上游从西北到东南,容重呈递减趋势,从高海拔到低海拔,容重呈先减小后增大趋势。主成分分析(PCA)和一般线性模型(GLM)表明,与土壤容重相关的环境因子中,海拔是影响土壤表层容重的第一主成分,土壤有机质含量是第二主成分,黏粒含量和大于2.0 mm砾石含量分别为第三、四主成分。第一、二、三、四主成分分别解释土壤容重空间变异的24.00%、29.40%、0.01%、6.20%。     

移动目标监控系统在西部测图中的开发应用

西部测图项目是国家重点项目,该项目测绘的区域自然条件复杂,属于无人居住区,对于参加该项目野外测绘的人员的安全,是一个重要而又艰巨的任务,移动目标监控系统就是充分利用已有的卫星定位技术和网络技术,提供车辆与人员的定位、指挥中心对车辆与人员的监控,确保车辆与人员的实时监控,提供安全保证,本文详细介绍了西部测图安全监控系统的原理、架构、技术路线和功能。     

用VC++6.0实现计算机与GPS通信

首先介绍遵循NMEA0183协议的GPS数据,然后通过实例详细地介绍基于VC++6.0的计算机与GPS串口通信应用程序。由于计算机和GPS接收机之间数据传输更加快捷准确,在利用GPS进行导航和定位系统中得到了广泛的应用。     

非线性广义文克尔模型探讨

文克尔地基模型的最大缺陷是没有考虑地基土的非线性和连续性。利夫金模型虽然对其连续性进行了改进,但过分考虑了基础形状对基床系数的影响,还导致了在矩形基础长短边方向上基床系数的极不对称。为此提出非线性广义文克尔模型,对文克尔模型特征函数重新进行了定义,修正了利夫金模型的缺点,在合理考虑基础形状和尺寸对地基刚度影响的同时,还能分别模拟几种典型情况的反力分布形式。非线性广义文克尔模型还通过分段线性逼近实际p-s曲线的方法,考虑了地基土的非线性。算例分析表明,非线性广义文克尔模型具有一定的合理性和实用性。     

Parameter estimation for basin-scale ecosystem-linked population models of large pelagic predators: Application to skipjack tuna

A Spatial Ecosystem and Population Dynamic Model (SEAPODYM) is used in a data assimilation study aiming to estimate model parameters that describe dynamics of Pacific skipjack tuna population on ocean-based scale. The model based on advection–diffusion–reaction equations explicitly predicts spatial dynamics of large pelagic predators, while taking into account data on several mid-trophic level components, oceanic primary productivity and physical environment. In order to improve its quantitative ability, the model was parameterized through assimilation with commercial fisheries data, and optimization was carried out using maximum likelihood estimation approach. To address the optimization task we implemented an adjoint technique to obtain an exact, analytical evaluation of the likelihood gradient. We conducted a series of computer experiments in order to (i) determine model sensitivity with respect to variable parameters and, hence, investigate their observability; (ii) estimate observable parameters and their errors; and (iii) justify the reliability of the computed solution. Parameters describing recruitment, movement, habitat preferences, natural and fishing mortality of skipjack population were analysed and estimated. Results of the study suggest that SEAPODYM with achieved parameterization scheme can help to investigate the impact of fishing under various management scenarios, and also conduct forecasts of a given species stock and spatial dynamics in a context of environmental and climate changes.     

From Predictive Mapping of Mineral Prospectivity to Quantitative Estimation of Number of Undiscovered Prospects

This paper proposes that the spatial pattern of known prospects of the deposit‐type sought is the key to link predictive mapping of mineral prospectivity (PMMP) and quantitative mineral resource assessment (QMRA). This proposition is demonstrated by PMMP for hydrothermal Au‐Cu deposits (HACD) and by estimating the number of undiscovered prospects for HACD in Catanduanes Island (Philippines). The results of analyses of the spatial pattern of known prospects of HACD and their spatial associations with geological features are consistent with existing knowledge of geological controls on hydrothermal Au‐Cu mineralization in the island and elsewhere, and are used to define spatial recognition criteria of regional‐scale prospectivity for HACD. Integration of layers of evidence representing the spatial recognition criteria of prospectivity via application of data‐driven evidential belief functions results in a map of prospective areas occupying 20% of the island with fitting‐ and prediction‐rates of 76% and 70%, respectively. The predictive map of prospective areas and a proxy measure for degrees of exploration based on the spatial pattern of known prospects of HACD were used in one‐level prediction of undiscovered mineral endowment, which yielded estimates of 79 to 112 undiscovered prospects of HACD. Application of radial‐density fractal analysis of the spatial pattern of known prospects of HACD results in an estimate of 113 undiscovered prospects of HACD. Thus, the results of the study support the proposition that PMMP can be a part of QMRA if the spatial pattern of discovered prospects of the deposit‐type sought is considered in both PMMP and QMRA.     

软土深基坑支护技术中的若干土力学问题

评述了软土深基坑支护结构的现有设计方法，分析了墙的刚度和位移对土压力分布的影响，讨论了地下水对侧压力计算的影响、设计参数的测定与选取以及有限元计算中的一些问题，最后对支护结构的安全评价提出了建议。