The Evolutionary History of Ore-forming Processes of Metallic Ore Deposits in Northern Guangxi1

Abstract The northern Guangxi region is an important rare metal, rare earth metal and polymetallic metallogenic province. In the region there exist five metallogenic series and two metallogenic subseries, whose metallogenesis shows features of polycyclic spiral evolution throughout the geological history. As far as various cycles are concerned, mantle-derived ore substances were reduced while crust-derived ore substances increased from early to late times; in the whole geological evolutionary history, mantle-derived substances decreased gradually while crust-derived ones increased. Meanwhile ore element associations became more and more varied. In terms of space, mineralization migrated from the old basement outwards, i.e. from west to east during the Precambrian, and from north to south during the Phanerozoic, and again from east to west during the Yanshanian.     

新疆且日克其菱铁矿床稀土元素地球化学特征

新疆且日克其菱铁矿床赋存于下志留统温泉沟群中低级变质岩系中,由三个矿段组成,总体呈层状、似层状、透镜状.矿石稀土含量较高(∑REE=740.97 ×10-6～820.21×10-6),轻稀土富集(LREE/HREE=13.17～14.74)的特征暗示了矿床形成于弱-中碱性的含矿溶液;明显的Ce正异常(δCe=3.25～...     

贵州地区新元古代—三叠纪沉积岩中稀土元素地球化学特征与地壳演化

摘 要　 通过对贵州地区自新元古界板溪群—三叠系深水相泥质岩系统的稀土元素地球化学 研究‚发现寒武系、泥盆系和上二叠统这3个稀土元素组成明显不同于其他层位和后太古代 页岩稀土元素特征的异常层‚并由此构成了地质历史中3个明显的稀土元素地球化学旋回。 这3个稀土元素地球化学旋回与本区的大地构造旋回具有明显的一致性‚且上述的3个稀土 元素地球化学异常层正好与盆地发育的明显的拉张裂陷时期相对应‚说明在盆地拉张裂陷时 期来自盆下深部物源的加入是造成稀土元素地球化学异常的根本原因。这为我们正确认识本 区的地壳演化提供了强有力的地球化学证据。     

电偶源瞬变电磁测深研究（三）——大地表面瞬变电磁场

由逆拉普拉斯变换将均匀大地面上的电偶极子源谐变电磁场转换为瞬变电磁场,并计算出B_z(t)/t瞬态曲线;对分层大地面上的瞬变电磁场,采用折线逼近法计算余弦变换得出H_z(t)瞬态曲线。从计算结果分析可知,瞬变电磁测深可实现较小极距探测较大深度。      

Rare Earth Deposits of North America

Rare earth elements (REE) have been mined in North America since 1885, when placer monazite was produced in the southeast USA. Since the 1960s, however, most North American REE have come from a carbonatite deposit at Mountain Pass, California, and most of the world’s REE came from this source between 1965 and 1995. After 1998, Mountain Pass REE sales declined substantially due to competition from China and to environmental constraints. REE are presently not mined at Mountain Pass, and shipments were made from stockpiles in recent years. Chevron Mining, however, restarted extraction of selected REE at Mountain Pass in 2007. In 1987, Mountain Pass reserves were calculated at 29 Mt of ore with 8.9% rare earth oxide based on a 5% cut‐off grade. Current reserves are in excess of 20 Mt at similar grade. The ore mineral is bastnasite, and the ore has high light REE/heavy REE (LREE/HREE). The carbonatite is a moderately dipping, tabular 1.4‐Ga intrusive body associated with ultrapotassic alkaline plutons of similar age. The chemistry and ultrapotassic alkaline association of the Mountain Pass deposit suggest a different source than that of most other carbonatites. Elsewhere in the western USA, carbonatites have been proposed as possible REE sources. Large but low‐grade LREE resources are in carbonatite in Colorado and Wyoming. Carbonatite complexes in Canada contain only minor REE resources. Other types of hard‐rock REE deposits in the USA include small iron‐REE deposits in Missouri and New York, and vein deposits in Idaho. Phosphorite and fluorite deposits in the USA also contain minor REE resources. The most recently discovered REE deposit in North America is the Hoidas Lake vein deposit, Saskatchewan, a small but incompletely evaluated resource. Neogene North American placer monazite resources, both marine and continental, are small or in environmentally sensitive areas, and thus unlikely to be mined. Paleoplacer deposits also contain minor resources. Possible future uranium mining of Precambrian conglomerates in the Elliott Lake–Blind River district, Canada, could yield by‐product HREE and Y. REE deposits occur in peralkaline syenitic and granitic rocks in several places in North America. These deposits are typically enriched in HREE, Y, and Zr. Some also have associated Be, Nb, and Ta. The largest such deposits are at Thor Lake and Strange Lake in Canada. A eudialyte syenite deposit at Pajarito Mountain in New Mexico is also probably large, but of lower grade. Similar deposits occur at Kipawa Lake and Lackner Lake in Canada. Future uses of some REE commodities are expected to increase, and growth is likely for REE in new technologies. World reserves, however, are probably sufficient to meet international demand for most REE commodities well into the 21st century. Recent experience shows that Chinese producers are capable of large amounts of REE production, keeping prices low. Most refined REE prices are now at approximately 50% of the 1980s price levels, but there has been recent upward price movement for some REE compounds following Chinese restriction of exports. Because of its grade, size, and relatively simple metallurgy, the Mountain Pass deposit remains North America’s best source of LREE. The future of REE production at Mountain Pass is mostly dependent on REE price levels and on domestic REE marketing potential. The development of new REE deposits in North America is unlikely in the near future. Undeveloped deposits with the most potential are probably large, low‐grade deposits in peralkaline igneous rocks. Competition with established Chinese HREE and Y sources and a developing Australian deposit will be a factor.     

风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿圈矿方法评价

离子吸附型稀土矿是我国特有的珍贵资源。稀土总量(TREO)与稀土浸取量(SREO)是评价这类矿产资源规模与可利用价值的重要指标,但是四十多年来勘查评价方法一直以总量圈矿、以配分定性,与其采矿工艺和当前稀土价值不符。本文在矿区勘查实践的基础上,通过分析大量系统的样品测试结果,结合近五年稀土价格推算的浸取量和单元素圈矿指标,开展了稀土总量、稀土浸取量和稀土单元素三种圈矿方法对比研究。结果表明,同一对比区内,用稀土总量≥0.05%圈出的矿体与稀土浸取量≥0.03%圈出的矿体,后者的矿体面积、矿体厚度及资源储量要明显大于前者,存在一些地段或部位总量圈定不是矿而浸取量圈定是矿,一些地段或部位总量圈定是矿而浸取量圈定不是矿的现象。稀土单元素圈矿能够直观地反映稀土的主要组分及分布状况,有利于体现单一稀土矿床的经济价值,较稀土总量圈矿和稀土浸取量圈矿更加精细、更加合理,是值得深入研究的一种科学评价方法;但也可能出现因一些元素含量偏低而难以单独圈矿的现象,从而造成资源流失。本文提出,在勘查评价风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿床时,为保障资源的充分利用,在稀土单元素圈矿的基础上,还应注重综合评价。     

河北省丰宁县大草坪钼矿区花岗质岩石地球化学特征及地质意义

大草坪钼矿区侵入体由花岗岩和花岗闪长岩组成,两者呈侵入接触关系,接触带附近石英脉较发育并见钼矿化。花岗岩与花岗闪长岩具有相似的岩石地球化学特征:主量元素特征均显示富含硅、碱质,普遍具有较高的钾含量,主要属钙碱性系列;稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式显示LREE相对富集,球粒陨石标准化曲线都一致向右倾斜,曲线之间呈现近于平行的特征,说明两者具有同源性。笔者同时认为,大草坪岩体的成因类型为I型花岗岩,岩浆物质具壳幔混源特征;岩体与矿体具有明显的同源分异特征,可为成矿提供一定物质来源。     

东天山黑峰山、双峰山及沙泉子(铜)铁矿床的矿物微量和稀土元素地球化学特征

东天山黑峰山铁矿床、双峰山铁矿床以及沙泉子铜铁矿床位于新疆哈密盆地以南,是东天山阿齐山-雅满苏构造带的重要矿床。文章利用磁铁矿、黄铁矿和方解石的微量元素及稀土元素组成示踪了这些矿床的成矿流体来源和性质,初步探讨了矿床的成因类型。激光剥蚀（LA）-ICP-MS磁铁矿微量元素分析表明,三个矿床的磁铁矿具有非常低的w（V）、w（Cr）和w（Ti）（平均分别为68×10^-6、13×10^-6和237×10^-6）,指示磁铁矿形成于热液过程而不是岩浆分异。黄铁矿中较高的Cu含量可能反映了含Cu矿物微颗粒的存在。黄铁矿中较低的Pb、Zn含量可能反映了成矿流体中较低的Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺浓度。黄铁矿中的Co/Ni比值表明这些矿床均为火山-热液成因。三个矿床黄铁矿的稀土元素总量都很低（ΣREE为0.58×10^-6~3.02×10^-6）,黑峰山铁矿中的黄铁矿轻、重稀土元素分馏不明显,双峰山铁矿和沙泉子铜铁矿中的黄铁矿均为轻稀土元素富集型,（La/Yb）_N分别为3.51~13.4和2.76~17.2。三个矿床略有差别的方解石稀土元素配分模式,反映了其流体组成和形成机制的差别。黑峰山铁矿中的重稀土元素富集型的方解石稀土元素配分模式为方解石Sm-Nd定年提供了依据。三个矿床的黄铁矿和方解石均无Ce异常,黑峰山铁矿中的黄铁矿和方解石表现为负Eu异常,而双峰山铁矿和沙泉子铜铁矿中的黄铁矿和方解石表现为正Eu异常,反映了三个矿床均形成于较高的温度,前者成矿流体可能为碱性,后两者成矿流体为酸性、还原性。结合前人研究成果认为,黑峰山铁矿、双峰山铁矿及沙泉子铜铁矿均为火山热液-充填（交代）矿床。     

Determination of passive earth pressure with lower bound finite elements limit analysis and modified pseudo-dynamic method

ABSTRACT

The present study deals with the determination of passive earth pressure under seismic condition by following the lower bound finite elements limit analysis and modified pseudo-dynamic methodology. In accordance with the lower bound finite elements formulation, the stress field was modelled using a three-noded triangular elements, while the passive pressure was determined via linear optimisation. The parametric study was performed, for a vertical rigid retaining wall, by varying the magnitude of seismic acceleration in horizontal direction (k_h) between 0 and 0.3, while the vertical seismic acceleration (k_v) was kept equal to 0 or 0.5 k_h. Furthermore, the damping coefficient for dry cohesionless backfill was kept ξ = 10%. The obtained results in various cases were found to be in good agreement with those found in the literature. It is expected that this method can be further used for solving other important geotechnical stability problems.     

西湖凹陷平北地区泥岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

为了研究西湖凹陷平北地区泥岩微量及稀土元素的分布特征及其地质意义,采用ICP—MS对研究区25个泥岩样品进行了稀土元素和微量元素分析,研究表明：（1）研究区泥岩稀土元素主要来自陆源碎屑矿物,源岩主要为沉积岩及碱性玄武岩;（2）始新世末构造运动揭示的构造沉积界线在研究区留下了证据,微量元素比值、稀土总量等参数在此界面上存在明显的突变,界线十分明显,并且此界线亦是研究区平湖组与花港组的沉积界面,界面以下以三角洲沉积为主,界面之上主要为河流相沉积,这一沉积相转换面在研究区P1井尤为明显;（3）利用Sr／Cu比值推测平北地区始新世中晚期．早渐新世经历了较为明显的气候变化,总体上有逐渐变温湿趋势,并且研究区北部要温湿于南部。