火山岩与地形联合约束下海岛土壤稀土元素地球化学空间分布异质性——以广西涠洲岛为例

海岛土壤地球化学特征的研究对于认识海岛表生地质环境有重要意义。本研究以我国最大的第四纪火山海岛——涠洲岛为案例,重点研究亚热带海岛环境下火山岩风化土壤的稀土元素（REE）地球化学特征,并探讨影响其空间分布的关键因素。结果表明,涠洲岛土壤REE总量（ΣREE）自然变化范围较大,介于59.07~575.30 mg/kg,平均值为285.53 mg/kg,高于中国大陆土壤背景值（163.86 mg/kg）,指示火山岩风化海岛具有较高的土壤REE丰度。反距离权重插值法（IDW）分析指示,岛内土壤的REE含量高低变化呈现出以带状和斑块状为主体形态的空间分布不均一性,推断其成因与母质岩石类型和地形位置等因素密切相关。3种不同岩性的成土母岩的ΣREE含量变化序列为：玄武岩（236.66 mg/kg）>火山碎屑岩（215.58 mg/kg）>含生物碎屑海滩沉积物（18.99 mg/kg）,对应的土壤ΣREE含量具有类似变化规律,即玄武岩土壤（307.20 mg/kg）>火山碎屑岩土壤（297.46 mg/kg）>含生物碎屑海滩沉积物土壤（89.73 mg/kg）。该证据指示母岩是控制岛内土壤REE含量变化的首位因素,玄武岩整体上易形成具有较高REE丰度的土壤,火山碎屑岩次之,而含生物碎屑海滩沉积物反之。此外,本研究还发现火山碎屑岩单一岩性区内,发育的土壤REE含量也会随地形地貌差异而出现显著变化,其原因是地形地貌制约了土壤矿物和化学风化程度,海蚀丘陵比海积平原更利于海岛土壤中REE次生富集作用的发生。

     

21世纪前20年世界地质工作重大事件、重大成果与未来30年中国地质工作发展的思考

在21世纪前20年里,以页岩气、页岩油、天然气水合物和干热岩为代表的非常规能源勘查开发取得重大突破,美国因页岩气勘查开发取得突破实现了能源独立。随着全球经济发展、气候变化加剧和能源转型,对关键金属矿产的需求不断增加,世界各国强势推出关键矿产清单,力求保障本国资源安全。深海探测、地球深部探测取得新进展。地球系统科学成为当代地质科学主题,形成了一批新概念,例如地质多样性、关键带、人类世、临界要素等,引领地质工作的转型。展望未来30年,世界百年未有之大变局加速演进,人类将面临资源、环境、生态的重大挑战,地质工作正处于重大转折时期。中国地质工作要突出清洁能源和深海资源勘探开发,要建立基于生态系统的地质调查、监测、模拟与预测技术体系,开展自然资源综合调查,支撑服务国土空间规划、生态保护和修复及城市建设,促进地质工作转型和发展。     

黄淮海平原晚新生代重大地质事件

晚新生代以来,青藏高原的隆升导致中国地貌格局、古气候系统及晚新生代沉积体系发生巨变。青藏高原以东至边缘海的广大区域形成统一水系,将巨量沉积物搬运至中国东部连续堆积形成黄淮海平原。太行山的隆升、边缘海陆架的沉降,黄河的贯通及晚第四纪大规模海侵等,深刻改造了黄淮海平原的自然环境,至今仍然影响其社会经济的发展,成为重要的科学问题。针对这些事件的研究,对于理解晚新生代黄淮海平原的形成和演化具有重要意义,也可为缓解该地区目前紧张的人地关系提供理论基础。对晚新生代黄淮海平原形成发育的构造地貌过程、黄河贯通和晚第四纪海侵等重大事件研究现状进行了综合分析,认为：①青藏高原隆升是黄淮海平原当今地貌及海陆格局形成的根本原因;②黄河贯通对黄淮海平原地表过程、水系演化及源-汇体系带来深远影响;③沿海地区晚更新世以来3次重要的海侵事件及相关的海陆相互作用,不但造成了沉积环境的变化,还形成了下切河谷特殊地貌景观;④晚新生代黄淮海地区重大地质事件的时间节点是中新世和晚第四纪。系统总结了黄淮海平原在构造-气候相互作用、地貌动态演化和年代学研究中存在的问题,认为未来亟需对黄淮海平原开展多学科系统性的工作。     

Origin of the Breno and Esino dolomites in the western Southern Alps (Italy): Implications for a volcanic influence

The Esino Limestone of the western Southern Alps represents a differentiated Ladinian-Lower Carnian (?) carbonate platform comprised of margin, slope and peritidal inner platform facies up to 1000 m thick. A major regional subaerial exposure event lead to coverage by another peritidal Lower Carnian carbonate platform (Breno Formation). Multiphase dolomitization affected the carbonate sediments. Petrographic examinations identified at least three main generations of dolomites (D1, D2, and D3) that occur as both replacement and fracture-filling cements. These phases have crystal-size ranges of 3–35 μm (dolomicrite D1), 40–600 μm (eu-to subhedral crystals D2), and 200 μm to 5 mm (cavity- and fracture-filling anhedral to subhedral saddle dolomite D3), respectively.The fabric retentive near-micritic grain size coupled with low mean Sr concentration (76 ± 37 ppm) and estimated δ¹⁸O of the parent dolomitizing fluids of D1 suggest formation in shallow burial setting at temperature ∼ 45–50 °C with possible contributions from volcanic-related fluids (basinal fluids circulated in volcaniclastics or related to volcanic activity), which is consistent with its abnormally high Fe (4438 ± 4393 ppm) and Mn (1219 ± 1418 ppm) contents. The larger crystal sizes, homogenization temperatures (D2, 108 ± 9 °C; D3, 111 ± 14 °C) of primary two-phase fluid inclusions, and calculated salinity estimates (D2, 23 ± 2 eq wt% NaCl; D3, 20 ± 4 eq wt% NaCl) of D2 and D3 suggest that they formed at later stages under mid-to deeper burial settings at higher temperatures from dolomitizing fluids of higher salinity, which is supported by higher estimated δ¹⁸O values of their parent dolomitizing fluids. This is also consistent with their high Fe (4462 ± 4888 ppm; and 1091 ± 1183 ppm, respectively) and Mn (556 ± 289 ppm and 1091 ± 1183 ppm) contents, and low Sr concentrations (53 ± 31 ppm and 57 ± 24 ppm, respectively).The similarity in shale-normalized (SN) REE patterns and Ce (Ce/Ce*)_SN and La (Pr/Pr*)_SN anomalies of the investigated carbonates support the genetic relationship between the dolomite generations and their calcite precursor. Positive Eu anomalies, coupled with fluid-inclusion gas ratios (N₂/Ar, CO₂/CH₄, Ar/He), high F⁻ concentration, high F/Cl and high Cl/Br molar ratios suggest an origin from diagenetic fluids circulated through volcanic rocks, which is consistent with the co-occurrence of volcaniclastic lenses in the investigated sequence.     

基于面向对象分类的稀土开采区遥感信息提取方法研究

离子吸附型稀土矿是我国宝贵的矿产资源,运用遥感影像分类技术提取稀土开采区可以准确地实现对稀土开采状况的监测,但仅利用光谱信息往往难以保证分类精度。本文以江西寻乌稀土矿区为研究区,以IKONOS影像为数据源,应用面向对象分类方法提取了稀土开采区的遥感信息。针对稀土开采区的分布特点,选择基于边缘的分割算法进行影像分割;结合地形信息、光谱信息及几何信息建立规则集,进行特征提取;最后采用隶属度函数法实现面向对象分类,并与传统的光谱角填图分类进行对比分析。研究结果表明,面向对象分类法提取稀土开采区的总体精度为92.49%,Kappa系数为0.857 6,与传统监督分类方法相比有了很大的提高。     

Geochemical constraints on the distribution of trace elements and volatiles in fluorapatite from the Panasqueira tin-tungsten deposit (Portugal)

A large, euhedral crystal of fluorapatite (ca. 19.5 × 20.0 mm) from the Panasqueira tin-tungsten deposit (Portugal) was investigated in terms of the distribution of trace elements by using several microanalytical techniques. The studied material represents almost pure fluorapatite with minor amounts of other cations (mainly Sr, Mn, REE and Fe), OH and Cl. Particular interest was given to the distribution of rare earth elements with respect to the crystallographic orientation. A broad range of analytical techniques were used, including optical microscopy coupled with cathodoluminescence imaging, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS), Raman microspectroscopy, and simultaneous thermal analysis coupled with mass spectrometry. The investigated crystal consists of the main crystal with a distinct core and rim (Ap_2core and Ap_2rim, respectively), which grew on a previous, euhedral crystal (Ap₁). The fluorapatite demonstrates various types of zoning: regular oscillatory, irregular, and internal sectoring, which is also reflected in trace elements concentrations. The rim Ap_2rim has lower concentrations of Mn, Sr and Fe, and significantly higher concentrations of REE compared to the core Ap_2core and older crystal Ap₁. Furthermore, the rim Ap_2rim is strongly depleted in Th, U and Pb. The entire crystal shows elevated Eu contents, expressed as a strong positive anomaly in chondrite-normalized REE patterns. With regards to the volatiles, F concentrations are constant in Ap₁, Ap_2core and Ap_2rim, whereas Cl is below the EPMA detection limit. The Ap_2rim was the only part of the investigated material containing OH and CO₃, which were observed in the Raman spectra. Furthermore, part of the crystal Ap_2core is extensively altered, likely due to fluid-induced metasomatic processes. LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating yielded highly discordant dates due to common Pb content. A lower intercept age of 297 ± 13 Ma (MSWD = 0.13) indicates the age of the fluorapatite crystallization. The overall analytical data constrain growth and post-growth processes, including crystallization of Ap₁ and Ap_2core, which both have typical hydrothermal Sn-W deposit characteristics, whereas Ap_2rim is related to a carbonate stage of the mineralization in the Panasqueira deposit.     

网络3维地球软件客户端缓存动态管理设计与实现

本地缓存机制能够显著减少数据请求,提高网络数据传输与可视化效率。本文探讨了多线程模式下的网络3维地球软件客户端空间数据访问与缓存替换流程,针对性设计并实现了一种基于内外双缓存及单一大数据文件模式的空间数据缓存动态管理机制,通过实验验证了方法的有效性。     

船载物探电子设备的接地问题及解决方案

船栽物探电子设备,是一个电气结合复杂的数据采集记录系统.各系统电子线路因船舶配电方式、工作环境的特殊性,其接地很重要,但容易被忽视.而接地处理不当,在使用时会受到噪声干扰、振荡;或造成仪器的输出榆入电路损坏,不能正常工作.更严重地甚至机壳漏电,危及人身安全.船栽物探电子设备接地问题.可分为"接地保护"和"接地故障"."接地保护"是将电气设备的金属外壳、支架和电缆的护套与大地等单位的金属船体(船壳)作永久性良好的电气连接,它分为保护接地和功能接地."接地故障"是指因设备不正确接地或由于绝缘层的破损、老化及环境恶劣引起绝缘电阻低下或者接地干扰等问题.文中从船载物探电子设备的使用特性出发.讨论在实际接地处理中出现问题的原因,分析了各种接地干扰的原理.并提出了相应的解决方案,对于船栽物探电子设备的实际安装应用有一定的指导意义.     

中国南方第四纪红土地层

中国第四纪红土地层研究60多年来取得了很大进展。本文从磁性地层、年代地层、生物地层、气候地层、同位素地层和旋回地层6个角度总结了中国红土地层的主要研究情况。     

地球重力模型及中国大陆重力场的计算

融多颗卫星数据、地面重力值和其它资料一起的地球重力模型EGM 96 ,为研究中国大陆的重力场及相关问题提供了一个高精度 36 0阶的球谐系数。在分析EGM 96的基础上 ,计算并简单解释了中国大陆的自由空气异常和布格重力异常。计算所得重力场的精度和分辨率大大高于常用的1∶140 0 0 0 0 0自由空气异常图及布格重力图