贡嘎山极高山区的降水分布特征探讨

从贡嘎山东坡的河川径流观测数据，根据径流形成原理反推高海拔地带的降水变化趋势，发现海拔＞３６００ｍ的地区降水仍在增长．利用径流、蒸发和冰雪消融资料算出极高山区降水的垂直梯度值１９—６６ｍｍ／ｈｍ，其结果与较低位置相邻雨量站观测值（７４ｍｍ／ｈｍ）相吻合．通过降水与气温的垂直梯度变化规律，还可以掌握高山无人带的雨雪变化动态，这对于阐明林线附近的水分特征，研究冰川物质的来源具有重要的参考价值．     

夏季全国降水EOF展开与黑龙江省降水的关系

用EOF对全国160个站夏季降水展开，取前5个特征向量进行分析，发现全国主要有4种雨型分布，依次呈“＋－＋”、“＋－”、“－＋－”、“－“型。与黑龙江省降为第1种，即东北区及黄河下游多雨，江浪少雨， 长江中下游流域多雨；夏末雨带南退至长江以南，华南多雨，而中国中部为广大的少雨区。     

测量平差中各种模型的等价转换关系

基于测量平差中各种平差方法其函数模型的表达，文中重点论证了各种平差方法之间的等价转换及其相互关系，得到的结果有利于各种平差方法的理解与渗透，对测量数据数据理论的分析和应用具有一定的参考价值。     

围压下岩石破坏声发射测试系统及震级频度关系的实验研究

震级频度关系的Gutenburg-Richter公式近年来受到了挑战,一些学者在不同条件下都发现了b值的非线性表现。本文利用自己装配的实验系统对围压下岩石破裂声发射活动的震级频度关系和时间序列特征进行了研究。实验表明AE事件的震级频度关系在某个中强震级K′之前基本符合b值规律,其b值的大小与破裂方式有关。在摩擦滑动中AE序列具有低b值的特征。从K′起震级频度关系出现明显的非线性现象。根据非线性表现的不同,可将其分为第一型和第二型两类。在AE序列中,也存在着“特征震级”的现象     

安徽向山地区火山岩层中硬石膏的沉积成因特征及其与硫铁矿的关系

本文从赋矿地层,含矿层序、容矿岩性、矿石结构构造、矿物组合、生成顺序、地球化学特征以及区域对比等方面,论证了向山地区的硬石膏矿床是在蒸发环境条件下,主要由火山喷气作用提供物质来源,通过沉积作用所形成的特殊膏盐建造,并受到后期岩浆热液的叠加改造。文章还分析了硬石膏形成的地质环境条件。最后阐述了该区硫铁矿与硬石膏的两种成因关系。     

Tropospheric vorticity responses to the solar magnetic sector structure and geomagnetic disturbances

The responses of the Vorticity Area Index (VAI) at 500 mb to large geomagnetic disturbances and to magnetic sector boundary crossings are evaluated for the periods 1947–57 and 1963–74, during which time the geomagnetic response to sector structure were known to be distinctly different. Results indicate that the nature of the VAI response to geomagnetic disturbances is markedly similar between the two subsets. The response does not vanish even when only those geomagnetic disturbances not related to sector boundary passage are used in the analysis, which suggests that enhanced geomagnetic activity can independently influence the lower atmosphere. Unlike the geomagnetic disturbance-related effects the sector-related effects have varied with time in a very complex manner. In view of this it is concluded that geomagnetic disturbances, whose effects have shown pronounced consistency, may prove a better solar signal in future sun-weather studies.     

Sunspot numbers and area-weighted united states monthly temperature and precipitation

Spectral analyses were made of derived area-index series of areas subject to extreme temperatures and precipitation as well as cross-spectral analyses of the area-index series with double sunspot cycle (Zurich) numbers. Superposed epoch analyses also were made of area-index series versus various double-sunspot cycle phases. Area series for wet and dry Junes, warm Junes, defined June drought, and warm Januaries all show statistically significant double sunspot cycle (21 year) periodicities. The 21-year cycle of above-normal June precipitation is most striking and has not received previous recognition.Journal Paper No. J-10007 of the Iowa Agric. and Home Econ. Exp. Stn., Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, Project 2397.     

The influence of slope angle on soil entrainment by sheetwash and rainsplash

Although a number of studies of the variation of soil transport with increase in slope angle have appeared, few include an information on the interaction of sheetwash and rainsplash on high slope angles, which is necessary to test Horton's proposed polynomial relationship. Virtually no studies are available which compare the influence of changes in soil type or antecedent moisture on established relationships. This paper reports the testing of eight soils from Alberta, Canada, under simulated rainfall on ten slopes from 3° to 30°. Material eroded was separated into that transported by rainsplash and that by sheetwash. In general, it was found that the influence of changes in slope angle on soil transport is best described by polynomial relationships, but these are shown to vary considerably between rainspash and sheetwash, between different soil types and for different antecedent moisture conditions. Despite careful control of all factors other than slope angle very high variability of results was experienced. Causes of variability are examined and the need for evaluation of the effect of test plot size on variability of results is suggested.     

Temporal and spatial relationships between soil erosion and ecological restoration in semi-arid regions: a case study in northern Shaanxi,China

ABSTRACT

To assess the effects of the Grain for Green Program (GGP) on soil erosion is essential to support better land management policies in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Studies on the evaluation of the effects of the GGP on soil erosion have garnered heightened attention. However, few studies examined the efficiency of GGP on soil erosion control through spatial relationship analysis. Thus, this study focuses on analyzing the spatial variation relationship between soil erosion and GGP in northern Shaanxi, Chinese Loess Plateau, from 1988 to 2015. The Universal Soil Loss Equation was used to quantify changes in soil erosion at the regional and watershed scales, and the Geographically Weighted Regression model was used to analyze the spatial relationships between land use and land cover (LULC) and soil erosion. Our results indicated that the major characteristic of LULC change during the GGP was a rapid increase of vegetation area and a rapid decrease of cropland. Bare lands contributed to the most serious soil loss, followed by croplands and sparse grasslands. The GGP had a globally positive influence on the decrease in soil erosion over the study area, but the amount of soil erosion in western and northern regions maintained a severe level. Spatial heterogeneity in the nature of the relationships among different vegetation, croplands, and soil erosion was also observed. The change rate of wood and the change rate of soil erosion in northern sub-watershed represented a negative relationship, while the change rate of sparse grassland was negatively correlated to the change rate of soil erosion in 21 sub-watersheds, account for 72% of the study area. The GGP implemented in northern sub-watersheds were more effective for soil erosion control than southern sub-watersheds. We propose that current areas of vegetation can support soil erosion control in the whole northern Shaanxi, but local-scale ecological restoration can be considered in northern sub-watersheds.     

城市客户空间关系管理探讨

探讨了利用GIS的空间分析功能，并结合城市人口、社会经济数据，在空间概念上实现客户关系管理的必要性和可行性，提出了客户空间关系管理(CSRM)概念，论述了CSRM系统的基本技术框架和特点，分析了CSRM在企业管理和决策支持方面的主要功能，探索了一条GIS应用于商业分析的新思路。