Fluid generation and evolution during exhumation of deeply subducted UHP continental crust: Petrogenesis of composite granite–quartz veins in the Sulu belt,China

Composite granite–quartz veins occur in retrogressed ultrahigh pressure (UHP) eclogite enclosed in gneiss at General's Hill in the central Sulu belt, eastern China. The granite in the veins has a high‐pressure (HP) mineral assemblage of dominantly quartz+phengite+allanite/epidote+garnet that yields pressures of 2.5–2.1 GPa (Si‐in‐phengite barometry) and temperatures of 850–780°C (Ti‐in‐zircon thermometry) at 2.5 GPa (~20°C lower at 2.1 GPa). Zircon overgrowths on inherited cores and new grains of zircon from both components of the composite veins crystallized at c. 221 Ma. This age overlaps the timing of HP retrograde recrystallization dated at 225–215 Ma from multiple localities in the Sulu belt, consistent with the HP conditions retrieved from the granite. The ε_Hf(t) values of new zircon from both components of the composite veins and the Sr–Nd isotope compositions of the granite consistently lie between values for gneiss and eclogite, whereas δ¹⁸O values of new zircon are similar in the veins and the crustal rocks. These data are consistent with zircon growth from a blended fluid generated internally within the gneiss and the eclogite, without any ingress of fluid from an external source. However, at the peak metamorphic pressure, which could have reached 7 GPa, the rocks were likely fluid absent. During initial exhumation under UHP conditions, exsolution of H₂O from nominally anhydrous minerals generated a grain boundary supercritical fluid in both gneiss and eclogite. As exhumation progressed, the volume of fluid increased allowing it to migrate by diffusing porous flow from grain boundaries into channels and drain from the dominant gneiss through the subordinate eclogite. This produced a blended fluid intermediate in its isotope composition between the two end‐members, as recorded by the composite veins. During exhumation from UHP (coesite) eclogite to HP (quartz) eclogite facies conditions, the supercritical fluid evolved by dissolution of the silicate mineral matrix, becoming increasingly solute‐rich, more ‘granitic’ and more viscous until it became trapped. As crystallization began by diffusive loss of H₂O to the host eclogite concomitant with ongoing exhumation of the crust, the trapped supercritical fluid intersected the solvus for the granite–H₂O system, allowing phase separation and formation of the composite granite–quartz veins. Subsequently, during the transition from HP eclogite to amphibolite facies conditions, minor phengite breakdown melting is recorded in both the granite and the gneiss by K‐feldspar+plagioclase+biotite aggregates located around phengite and by K‐feldspar veinlets along grain boundaries. Phase equilibria modelling of the granite indicates that this late‐stage melting records P–T conditions towards the end of the exhumation, with the subsolidus assemblage yielding 0.7–1.1 GPa at <670°C. Thus, the composite granite–quartz veins represent a rare example of a natural system recording how the fluid phase evolved during exhumation of continental crust. The successive availability of different fluid phases attending retrograde metamorphism from UHP eclogite to amphibolite facies conditions will affect the transport of trace elements through the continental crust and the role of these fluids as metasomatic agents interacting with the mantle wedge in the subduction channel.     

Sedimentary evidence and luminescence and ESR dating of Early Pleistocene high lake levels of Megalake Tengger,northwestern China

The timing of high lake-level stands during the Late Pleistocene in western China remains controversial. Here we report new results from Megalake Tengger based on a study of palaeo-shorelines and a drill core from Baijian Lake in the northwestern Tengger Desert. Multiple dating methods, based on luminescence signals (quartz optically stimulated luminescence, K-feldspar post infrared-infrared stimulated luminescence) and electron spin resonance signals of quartz, were used to date beach sands from palaeo-shoreline profiles at altitudes of ~1310 m (+20 m above lake level), ~1320 m (+30 m) and ~1350 m (+60 m), and from the top 20 m of sandy sediments from the drill core obtained from the modern beach of Baijian Lake. The dating results show that high lake-level stands associated with the previously reported Megalake Tengger (~1310–1320 m) occurred during the late Early to Middle Pleistocene, which is much earlier than previously reported. In addition, no geomorphological evidence of shorelines and sedimentary evidence from the drill core profile were found to support the previously reported Late Pleistocene lake levels. Our results indicate that the exact age of the previously reported ‘high lake level event’ in a large part of northwestern China during the Late Pleistocene needs to be re-evaluated.     

新疆三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷中二叠统芦草沟组泥页岩层系SiO2赋存状态与成因

为了弄清新疆三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷芦草沟组泥页岩层系中SiO_2对储集层物性、脆性等特性的影响,通过全岩和黏土矿物X衍射、岩石力学性质、阴极发光、扫描电镜及电子能谱等实验手段对其中SiO_2的赋存状态进行了研究,初步探讨了SiO_2不同形态赋存的机理,并在此基础上探究了石英含量对储层的影响。研究表明:凝灰岩、泥页岩和粉砂质泥岩中二氧化硅多以非晶态形式存在。二氧化硅在凝灰岩中多呈不规则球粒状,而在泥页岩和粉砂质页岩中无固定形态。凝灰质泥岩、凝灰质白云岩和白云岩中二氧化硅呈现一定的晶体形态。在凝灰质泥岩中,二氧化硅以自生石英形态聚集呈条带状,在凝灰质白云岩中则以自生石英形态发育于孤立的孔、洞之中,而白云岩中二氧化硅只能生长成Opal-A/Opal-CT阶段。凝灰质成分及其脱玻化作用为自生石英的生长提供了二氧化硅和生长空间,是控制SiO_2赋存状态的根本因素。此外,储集层孔隙度、渗透率和抗压强度都与石英含量呈一定正相关性,泊松比则与其呈负相关性。     

南京周家山下蜀黄土石英颗粒特征及其物源意义

下蜀黄土的成因和物源一直是学术界研究的热点。对南京周家山下蜀黄土的石英粒度和石英表面微结构进行分析,结果显示:粉砂粒级石英颗粒（5~50 μm）占绝对优势;<20 μm组分平均含量为42.76%,<30 μm组分平均含量为62.98%;粒度分布曲线和累积曲线总体具有颗粒偏细,呈正偏态,分选较差,峰形尖锐,双峰曲线不对称的特征;粒级-标准偏差曲线呈“双峰”分布,两个明显的标准偏差峰值分别出现在7.962 1 μm和39.905 2 μm。石英颗粒表面形态主要以次棱角状为主;表面机械结构具有丰富的蝶形坑、曲脊、贝壳状断口,部分表面出现平行节理面、V形坑;不同粒级组分表面形态和机械结构特征存在差异。分析表明,南京周家山下蜀黄土属典型风成成因堆积物,是多源区物质高度混合搬运堆积的结果。     

胶东玲珑金矿田175号脉群深部地质特征与成矿预测

玲珑金矿属于以石英脉型为主的金矿床,其矿脉受玲珑断裂和破头青断裂控制。区内脉群发育,175号脉群是玲珑金矿的主要大型金矿脉群之一。文章通过总结175号脉群成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征,分析了控矿因素、矿体赋存规律、矿石类型等;阐述了175号脉群深部成矿规律,并根据见矿工程利用地质块段法预测175号脉群11—101勘探线范围-800 m标高以下(332+333)金矿石量192.44×10~4 t,金金属量8.5t。     

赣北大湖塘地区昆山W-Mo-Cu矿床侵入岩锆石U-Pb、辉钼矿Re-Os年代学及地质意义

昆山W-Mo-Cu矿床地处赣北九岭矿集区南部,距大湖塘超大型钨矿床狮尾洞矿区仅3 km。矿床目前处于详查阶段,已探明钨达中型规模,同时伴生中型钼矿及小型铜矿,具有良好的找矿潜力。昆山矿床矿化样式较为单一,W-Mo-Cu矿体以石英脉形式产出,主要赋存在燕山期侵入岩顶部与新元古界双桥山群浅变质岩的外接触带,具有"上钨中钼下铜"的特点,明显区别于大湖塘矿床矿体主要产在燕山期侵入岩与晋宁期黑云母花岗闪长岩的内外接触带,具细脉浸染型白钨矿、热液爆破角砾岩型钨铜矿及石英脉型黑钨矿"三位一体"的矿化特征。本文在详细的野外地质调查基础上,对昆山W-Mo-Cu矿床的成岩成矿时代进行了详细研究,并探讨了其地质意义。利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb法获得矿区内呈岩株状产出的似斑状花岗岩的年龄为151.7±1.3 Ma,晚期花岗斑岩脉的年龄为136.6±2.5 Ma;利用辉钼矿Re-Os法,获得辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄和加权平均年龄分别为151.0±1.3 Ma和150.0±1.0 Ma,厘定矿床成矿时代为晚侏罗世,且与似斑状花岗岩有关。结合前人所得高精度成岩成矿年龄数据,认为赣北地区燕山期成岩成矿具多期性,可分为160~150 Ma(塔前、朱溪钨多金属矿床)、140 Ma(大湖塘钨多金属矿床)和125 Ma(香炉山钨矿),主要集中于150~140 Ma。晚侏罗世,华南地区全面进入岩石圈"伸展-减薄"的地球动力学背景,赣北地区燕山期成岩成矿可能与这一构造背景有关。昆山矿床具"上钨中钼下铜"的分带模式,其成因值得进一步研究。     

广西珊瑚钨锡矿床成矿年代学研究及其地质意义

珊瑚钨锡矿床位于富贺钟钨锡多金属成矿集中区的中部,是南岭钨锡多金属成矿带内典型的热液石英脉型矿床之一。本文采用白云母~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar法和石英流体包裹体Rb-Sr法,对矿床V32号含矿石英脉进行精细年代学研究,获得石英脉中白云母~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar坪年龄为101.7±0.7 Ma(MSWD=0.34),正等时线年龄为102.0±1.0 Ma(MSWD=1.17);石英流体包裹体Rb-Sr等时线年龄为106.4±3.5 Ma(MSWD=0.83)。它们在误差范围内一致,是华南地区燕山晚期成岩成矿高峰期的产物。同时通过石英包裹体H-O同位素组成的初步分析,认为成矿流体属于"再平衡岩浆水",主要来自岩浆,在矿床深部可能存在隐伏花岗岩体。该成果对研究区域成矿规律,指导类似地区的找矿勘查工作具有重要意义。     

坦桑尼亚西北部苏库马绿岩带含金石英脉成矿特征

坦桑尼亚克拉通西北部的苏库马绿岩带是坦桑尼亚环维多利亚湖绿岩带重要的金矿聚集区。区内金矿化类型以含金石英脉为主,矿体的产出主要受剪切构造带控制。通过研究区域构造特征和岩石地球化学特征,认为苏库马绿岩带中玄武岩为弧后环境形成,流纹岩和花岗岩形成于陆弧环境,N--S向挤压作用和E--W向伸展作用是区域内主要的构造展布特征。建立了含金石英脉的成矿模式,表明具有金矿化作用的石英脉集中分布在EW、SEE、NE向剪切构造破碎带中,含金石英脉富矿体的形成经历了多期构造变形和成矿流体的叠加、富集作用。