Continuous reactions with amphibole, garnet and plagioclase

Abstract End-member, continuous and degenerate reactions are derived for the multisystem with the six components Na₂O, CaO, (Mg/Fe)O, Al₂O₃, SiO₂, H₂O among the phases plagioclase_ss, garnet_ss, amphibole_ss, cpx, opx, olivine, spinel, quartz and an aqueous fluid. The chemography of this system is degenerate due to the co-linearity 2Opx = Ol + Qtz. This co-linearity has its implications both on reaction space and phase equilibria. From a total of 28 reaction systems, reaction space is derived for nine subsystems (phases in parentheses are absent): Case A₁: (Cpx,Ol) (Cpx,Opx) and (Cpx,Qtz), Case A₂: (Spl,Ol) (Spl,Opx) and (Spl,Qtz), Case B: (Ol,Opx) (Ol,Qtz) and (Opx,Qtz). In the absence of either cpx or spl (case A), three reactions form an invariant point, either [Cpx] or [Spl], where the co-linear phases olivine, opx and quartz coexist on the transformation line 2Opx = Ol + Qtz. Changing mineral compositions force invariant points to move along the line with the different reaction curves changing their relative position according to Schreinemakers’rules. Zero contours, i.e. the location where (a) phase(s) disappear(s) in reaction space correspond to singular points in phase diagrams. Two types are distinguished; singular points of indispensable and of substitutable phases. In the first case the phase disappears from the entire bundle while in the second it disappears from a single reaction. In the specific case where the substitutable phases are also the co-linear ones, two of the three co-linear phases disappear simultaneously. Two of the three reaction curves coincide. In the system including Cpx and Spl (Case B) three reactions, (Ol,Opx) (Ol,Qtz) and (Opx,Qtz), oppose three invariant points, [Ol], [Opx] and [Qtz]. Invariant points no longer move along the line 2Opx = Ol + Qtz. The coincidence of the zero contours of all three co-linear phases in reaction space-the result of the chemographic degeneracy-causes the respective singular points to coincide in the phase diagrams. This is the location where curves must be rearranged in a bundle to conform Schreinemakers’rules. The reaction Grs₁Prp₂= 2 Ol + An is fourth order degenerate and part of all nine subsystems (cases A and B). It can be used to relate the different phase diagrams to one another.     

西藏冲江铜矿含矿岩体与非含矿岩体区分探讨

冲江铜矿位于世界三大斑岩成矿域的特提斯-喜马拉雅成矿域,其大地构造位置属冈底斯-念青唐古拉构造带的冈底斯陆缘火山-岩浆弧中部。矿区含矿岩体与非含矿岩体的岩性相同,很难通过肉眼或常规分析方法把它们区分开来。热释光测试结果表明,矿区岩石的热释光曲线有单峰和双峰两种,矿化主要发生在具单峰的似斑状二长花岗岩中。岩石矿化程度越强,热释光总积分强度值越小。另外,高岭土化对岩石天然热释光有叠加作用,具高岭土化的岩石明显具有更高的热释光值,且高岭土化与矿化成负相关。因此,热释光值可作为判断矿化的一个岩石标型。石英粒度统计也表明,含矿岩体的石英粒度曲线呈韵律式变化,而不含矿的岩石粒度曲线呈渐进式变化。故岩石中的石英粒度也可作为矿化的一个矿物标型。     

QUARTZ WEATHERING IN FREEZE–THAW CYCLES: EXPERIMENT AND APPLICATION TO THE EL'GYGYTGYN CRATER LAKE RECORD FOR TRACING SIBERIAN PERMAFROST HISTORY

The object of this study is to test the assumption that cryogenic weathering (here understood as in‐situ disintegration of rock under cold‐climate conditions including ice as a weathering agent) preferentially breaks up quartz grains. We apply the results of laboratory tests to a Quaternary sediment record. The combination of silt production, relative quartz enrichment in the silt fraction, and quartz grain micromorphology is traced in a multi‐100‐kyr lake sediment archive as indicator data for cryogenic weathering. Constant cryogenic weathering conditions are inferred for at least the last 220 000 years from a lake sediment core of El'gygytgyn Crater, northeast Russia. This is the longest continuous terrestrial archive currently known for the continental Arctic. Quartz enrichment in the fines evolves from seasonal freeze–thaw weathering as demonstrated in laboratory testing where over 100 freeze and thaw cycles crack quartz grains preferentially over feldspar. Microscopic grain features demonstrate that freeze–thaw cycling probably disrupts quartz grains along mineral impurities such as bubble trails, gas–liquid inclusions, or mineralogical sub‐grain boundaries. Single‐grain micromorphology (e.g. angular outlines, sharp edges, microcracks, brittle surfaces) illustrates how quartz becomes fragmented due to cryogenic cracking of the grains. The single‐grain features stemming from the weathering dynamics are preserved even after a grain is transported off site (i.e. in mobile slope material, in seasonal river run‐off, into a lake basin) and may serve as first‐order proxy data for permafrost conditions in Quaternary records.     

华南志留纪钼的矿化: 白石顶钼矿锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄和辉钼矿Re-Os年龄证据

白石顶钼矿床位于湘粤桂交界的桂北姑婆山地区,主要以石英辉钼矿脉的形式产于桂岭岩体(角闪石)黑云母二长花岗岩和南华系浅变质浅海相碎屑岩中.桂岭岩体岩石类型以中-细粒斑状(角闪石)黑云母二长花岗岩为主,岩石呈灰白色,似斑状结构.斑晶主要由微斜长石和斜长石组成,基质则由微斜长石、斜长石、石英、黑云母和普通角闪石组成,副矿物有磁铁矿、锆石、褐帘石、绿帘石、磷灰石、榍石等.白石顶钼矿的矿石矿物主要为辉钼矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿和白钨矿等.围岩蚀变有黄铁矿化、钾长石化、白云母化、绿泥石化等.文章通过对桂岭岩体及其包体中锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄和辉钼矿Re-Os年龄的测定,初步揭示了白石顶钼矿床的成矿年代,桂岭岩体(角闪石)黑云母二长花岗岩锆石SHRIMP UPb年龄为(424.4±5.6)Ma,其中的闪长质包体的SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为(428±4)Ma.6件辉钼矿Re-Os的加权平均年龄为(424.6±5.7)Ma,这表明白石顶钼矿床形成于志留纪.此次工作首次认为在华南地区志留纪也发生了金属钼的富集成矿,该成果对于深入认识华南地区加里东期的构造.岩浆演化及其成矿作用具有重要的科学价值.     

三道湾子金矿床矿石特征及金的赋存状态研究

三道湾子金矿是与大兴安岭燕山期火山活动有关的浅成中-低温热液金矿,矿石类型主要为石英脉型.矿石的结构为自形-半自形-它形粒状结构、碎裂结构、交代结构、包含结构.矿石的构造为致密块状构造、稀疏浸染状构造、角砾状构造、细脉状构造.矿体浅部金矿物以自然金、银金矿为主,呈裂隙金、粒间金、包裹金分布,金矿物以细粒为主,载金矿物主要为石英;深部富矿段金、银主要以碲化物形式存在,赋存于石英颗粒间或裂隙中.反映了成矿流体的阶段性及层次性.     

瑶岭钨矿区寒武纪地层特征对寻找石英脉型黑 钨矿的指示意义

瑶岭钨矿由北矿区、东矿区和白基寨矿区3个矿区组成,其中北矿区是主要生产矿区,以石英脉型黑钨矿为主.在对北矿区大比例尺填图过程中,我们发现矿区地表地层单一,主要为寒武纪沉积的变质砂岩和板岩.针时这种情况,我们采用土壤地球化学测量、物探磁法测量、钻探等工程方法对寒武纪地层进行研究,综合分析了矿区地质特征、地球物理磁法特征及地球化学特征在对矿脉水平分布、矿脉垂直分布、蚀变矿物因素、构造因素、热接触因素和成矿因素的外在表现,从而建立起矿区寒武纪地层对矿化的指示体系表,并指出瑶岭钨矿北区深部和东南部有很大的找矿潜力,是值得继续找矿的有利目标地段.     

Diagenesis impact on a deeply buried sandstone reservoir (Es1 Member) of the Shahejie Formation,Nanpu Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,East China

Diagenesis has a significant impact on reservoir quality in deeply buried formations. Sandstone units of the Shahejie Formation (Es₁ Member) of Nanpu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, East China is a typical deeply buried sandstone with large hydrocarbon accumulations. The methodology includes core observations and thin section studies, using fluorescence, scanning electron microscope (SEM), cathodoluminescence (CL), fluid inclusion and isotope and electron probing analysis as well as the numerical determination of reservoir characteristics. The sandstones consist of medium to coarse-grained, slight to moderate sorted lithic arkose and feldspathic litharenite. Porosity and permeability values range from 0.5 to 30% and 0.006 to 7000 mD, respectively. The diagenetic history reveals mixed episodes of diagenesis and deep burial followed by uplift. The main diagenetic events include compaction, cementation alteration, dissolution of unstable minerals and grain fracturing. Compaction resulted in densification and significantly reduced the primary porosity. Quartz, calcite and clay are the dominant pore-occluding cement and occur as euhedral to subhedral crystals. Alteration and dissolution of volcanic lithic fragments and pressure solution of feldspar grains were the key sources of quartz cement whereas carbonate cement is derived from an external source. Clay minerals resulted from the alteration of feldspar and volcanic lithic fragments. Porosity and permeability data predict a good inverse relationship with cementation whereas leaching of metastable grains, dissolution of cement and in some places formation of pore-lining chlorite enhanced the reservoir quality. The best reservoir is thicker sandstone bodies that are medium to coarse-grained, well-sorted sandstone with low primary ductile grains with a minor amount of calcite cement. The present study shows several diagenetic stages in the Es₁ Member, but the overall reservoir quality is preserved.     

粤东塘唇石英脉型钨(锡)矿床地质特征、成矿时代及其找矿意义

塘唇钨(锡)矿是近年来新发现的一个具有大型规模找矿潜力的石英脉型矿床.矿床产于粤东龙窝花岗闪长岩岩体西部外接触带,赋矿地层为下侏罗统金鸡组碎屑岩,该层位是南岭及邻区石英脉型钨锡矿的最新赋矿地层.在详细的野外地质调查基础上,对矿床含钨石英脉中的白云母进行⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar测年,获得白云母⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar坪年龄为150±1 Ma,等时线年龄为149±2 Ma(MSWD=1.20),它们在误差范围内一致,为南岭地区燕山早期大规模成岩成矿作用高峰期的产物.塘唇钨(锡)矿的发现,不仅拓宽了石英脉型钨锡矿的找矿视野,还有助于完善石英脉型钨锡矿成矿规律和成矿模式,对区域下一步找矿具有重要指导意义.     

川西地区热达门石英闪长岩锆石U-Pb年龄和岩石地球化学特征:岩石成因与构造意义

川西地区热达门石英闪长岩体位于松潘-甘孜造山带北东侧。岩体的LA-ICP MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(206.4±1.4)Ma,侵位于晚三叠世。岩石Si O2含量为50.62%~56.66%,K2O/Na2O为0.32~1.20。铝饱和指数介于0.59~0.86之间,里特曼指数(σ)介于0.40~1.20之间,属于亚碱性准铝质系列岩石。岩体稀土总量∑REE介于81.45×10-6~222.39×10-6,LREE/HREE介于5.38~10.45之间,(La/Yb)N范围为5.98~12.99,δEu为0.66~1.01,δCe为0.81~0.93。岩石地球化学特征显示热达门岩石英闪长岩是在碰撞造山环境下,由岩浆上涌诱发下地壳物质部分熔融而形成的I型花岗岩。     

Applications of Light Stable Isotopes(C,O, H) in the Study of Sandstone Diagenesis: A Review

This article reviews the applications of light stable isotope, including carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, in thestudies on origin and formation temperature of authigenic carbonate, quartz and clay minerals. Theoretical knowledge andanalytical methods for major light stable isotopes are introduced in detail. Negative and positive δ¹³C values indicatesignificant differences on the origin of carbonate cements. The δ¹⁸O value is an effective palaeotemperature scale forauthigenic minerals formation. Various fractionation equations between δ¹⁸O and temperature are proposed for carbonatecements, quartz cements and clay minerals, whose merit and demerit, applicable conditions are clarified clearly. Clumpedisotope analysis can reconstruct the temperature of carbonate precipitation with no requirement on the δ¹⁸O of initial waters,which makes temperature calculation of carbonate cements formation more convenient and accurate. Hydrogen and oxygenisotopes mainly reflect the origin of diagenetic fluid for clay mineral formation, providing reliable evidence for diageneticenvironment analysis. This work aims at helping researchers for better understanding the applications of light stable isotopein sandstone diagenesis.