Watermarking of digital geospatial datasets: a review of technical,legal and copyright issues

Gathering data accounts for more than 80% of the cost of any GIS project. Fast Internet connections and digital datasets threaten the investments of data producers through data piracy. Outside the GIS community this problem has been known for a long time, and possible solutions exist for digital imagery, formatted text, 3D meshes and so on, showing possible links to typical spatial data. This is largely achieved through embedding hidden information in a dataset without producing perceptible changes in the data, a process known as watermarking. The producer can recover the embedded information on request in order to produce evidence of ownership in a court, so the overall strategy relies on a legal basis rather than technical ones. This paper analyses the state-of-the-art for watermarking protection in digital geographical datasets. Digital imagery is demonstrably a more mature area than geographical information, even with multiple commercial vendors offering watermarking protection. 2D vector and point datasets have received less attention from the research community; however, 3D meshes have been considered by the CAD community and a handful of techniques are available for that case, and they are reviewed here.     

区域气候变化脆弱性综合评估研究进展

区域脆弱性评估为脆弱性地区农户摆脱贫困、区域持续发展和政府制定适应策略提供科学依据.由于区域内部人地系统的复杂性,区域的脆弱性定量评估较为困难.中国脆弱性研究起步较晚,关注较早的是脆弱性区域的分布,但对区域内脆弱人群的脆弱性研究较少,认识上的不足影响了国家和地方政府制定科学的适应政策和措施.本文介绍了对脆弱性的认识,梳...     

Aspiration and reality: flood policy, economic damages and the appraisal process

Research shows that flood damage potential has increased significantly in the last 15 years. At the same time, flood policy has shifted away from simplistic flood defence towards 'living with floods' and 'making space for water'. This paper explores the mis-match between the aspiration in policy ideals, the reality of rising potential economic damages and the inability of the flood risk appraisal process to match the aspiration with the reality. Unless investment appraisal procedures are changed, the increase in damages will undermine policy changes that seek a different pattern of flood risk management, away from economically dominated decision-criteria towards more sustainable objectives.     

江西持续性强降雨的气候特征及其大尺度环流背景

利用常规气象站每6 h一次的降水资料和National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Final operational analysis (FNL)资料,运用局地经向环流诊断方程对2010年6月17—20日江西的罕见持续性暴雨的两阶段降雨过程作了定量诊断分析,结果表明：潜热加热是造成两阶段暴雨最为重要的原因,且在第二阶段激发的上升运动明显强于第一阶段;经向温度平流、经向西风动量平流和边界条件对两阶段暴雨过程都有一定的正贡献;平均温度垂直输送和纬向西风动量平流在第一阶段为负贡献,在第二阶段转为正贡献。结合对应天气形势分析发现：500 hPa青藏高原东南侧浅槽的生成、东移、加深,与减弱东南移的切断低涡合并形成东北西南走向的深厚低压槽（暴雨区位于槽前）是第二阶段潜热加热激发的上升运动较第一阶段强的主要原因;高空西风急流出口区（入口）反气旋切变侧的辐合下沉（辐散抽吸）是平均西风动量纬向平流在第一（二）阶段中为（负）正贡献的主要原因;平均温度由低层向高层（高层向低层）输送是造成平均温度垂直输送在第一（二）阶段中为负（正）贡献的主要原因;中低层暖平流激发的上升运动是平均温度平流在两阶段降雨过程中起正贡献的主要原因。

     

山东大尹格庄金矿床深部三维定量成矿预测

大尹格庄金矿是胶西北招平断裂带中段的大型金矿床,但随着逐渐的开采其保有资源量不断下降,急需在矿床的深边部区域开展接续资源找矿工作。本文以大尹格庄金矿为研究对象,以区域成矿理论和找矿勘查模型为指导,利用三维地质建模技术构建了相关地质体的三维模型,在此基础上,采用定量化的方法提取地质体与成矿相关的控矿因素指标和矿化指标,并建立了三维定量成矿预测模型,并应用该模型圈定了3个找矿靶区。研究表明,该方法能够适用于大中型矿山的深边部找矿工作,其三维及定量化的预测结果能够为后续的勘探及开采工作提供重要参考。     

Structuring subjectivities? Using Q methodology in human geography

This paper presents a critical and reflexive account of using Q methodology in human geography. Q methodology has a long pedigree in psychological, political and sociological research, but is only recently beginning to be used by human geographers. We discuss, in particular, the parts of the process(es) of Q methodology that are often glossed over in the literature, through reflecting on our learning in using Q within a project examining the use and production of environmental science by NGOs. We conclude that Q may be a useful supplement to existing methods in human geography, as long as it is used creatively and reflexively and with full awareness of its interpretative dimensions.     

Directed movements in probabilistic time geography

This article studies probabilistic time geography for space–time prisms, that is, for situations where observers know the location of an agent at one time and then again at another time. In the intervening period, the agent would have moved freely, according to its time budget. The article demonstrates that the probability of finding the agent somewhere in the space–time prism is not equally distributed, so any attempt of a quantitative time geographic analysis must consider the actual probability distribution. This article develops, implements, and demonstrates this distribution. A preceding article introduced probabilistic time geography for space–time cones. With cones and prisms, the elementary space–time volumes of time geography are provided.     

继承性宇生核素对暴露测年结果影响的定量分析方法探讨

宇生核素暴露测年过程中,通常假设在样品最后一次暴露前,样品中的宇生核素（继承性宇生核素）浓度为0。然而,大量的测年数据研究发现,样品的暴露年代结果会受到继承性核素的影响从而高估地貌的真实年代。因此,如何降低继承性核素对暴露年代结果的影响或者定量分析继承性核素的影响程度不仅可为地貌演化提供准确的年代数据,而且对宇生核素暴露测年技术的研究具有重要意义。因此,本文以宇生核素暴露测年技术在冰川地貌中应用为例,通过分析继承性核素的研究概况,并结合宇生核素暴露测年原理,探讨继承性核素对测年结果影响的定量分析方法。研究结果表明： ① 通过样品中 n ( 26 Al)/ n ( 10 Be) 值\[即同一样品中宇生核素Al 26 与Be 10 浓度（单位为atom/g）的比值\]以及同一地貌位置多个的样品年代数据分布情况可初步判断测年结果是否受到继承性核素的影响;② 通过现代冰川冰碛物中宇生核素的浓度可以定量分析继承性核素对暴露测年结果的影响; ③ 通过计算冰碛垄顶部和一定深度（＞2~3 m）样品的宇生核素浓度差,可以减少继承性核素的影响。本研究内容对冰川地貌宇生核素暴露测年具有重要意义。     

武汉台形变观测与降雨参数之间的定量分析与研究

基于“前兆台网(站)观测数据跟踪分析平台”,对武汉台形变观测资料进行了系统分析,提取出观测曲线受降雨干扰影响的事件,采用降雨总量、初始驱动降雨量和瞬时降雨量最大值等降雨参数对降雨干扰事件进行统计分析。结果表明:降雨总量达40 mm、初始驱动降雨量为0.3 mm或瞬时降雨量最大值达0.6 mm时,DSQ型水管倾斜仪易受降雨干扰;SSY型铟瓦棒伸缩仪当降雨总量超60 mm或瞬时降雨量最大值大于0.5 mm时易受降雨干扰;VS型垂直摆倾斜仪受降雨干扰与降雨总量、初始驱动降雨量和瞬时降雨量最大值无显著相关关系;降雨总量对形变仪器观测物理量的影响基本呈现线性;而形变仪器观测物理量与初始驱动降雨量、瞬时降雨量最大值无显著相关关系。认为武汉台形变观测受降雨影响主要来自降雨渗透影响和周边水体荷载变化影响两个方面。     

GPM卫星和地面雷达对江苏盐城龙卷风强降水估测的对比

为综合评估卫星和天气雷达在2016年6月23日盐城龙卷风期间的强降水过程的降水估测精度,以国家级雨量站观测数据为基准,结合相关系数(CC)、相对误差(RB)、均方根误差(RMSE)以及分级评分指标,利用S波段的天气雷达定量降雨估测产品(RQPE)和全球降水观测计划多卫星融合产品(IMERG_FRCal,IMERG_FRUncal,IMERG_ERCal)进行比较。结果表明,雷达和卫星的累积降水量与雨量站的空间相关性很强(相关系数大于0.9),基本上能捕捉到整个降水过程的空间分布。降水主要分布在江苏省北部,但卫星高估了江苏省东北部强降水中心的降水量;对于小时时序区域平均降水,卫星高估了降水,而雷达低估了累积降水量。综合降水中心区域分析,IMERG的强降水区域降水量与雨量站的时间序列的偏差显著;RQPE在降水峰值达到之前及峰值之后与地面雨量站的变化趋势基本一致,但对降雨量峰值有明显的偏低。RQPE能较为准确地在时间上捕捉到降雨强度的变化趋势,但对于大雨及暴雨的估测能力不佳;RQPE的POD、SCI值都远远高于IMERG, FAR也较小。IMERG几乎未能监测到强降水的发生。总体上,RQPE对此次龙卷风强降水量的估测表现优于3种IMERG产品,特别是在捕捉强降水区域的空间分布方面,但对于强降水的估测能力仍需进一步改善。