Quality control methods for KOOS operational sea surface temperature products

Sea surface temperature SST obtained from the initial version of the Korea Operational Oceanographic System(KOOS) SST satellite have low accuracy during summer and daytime. This is attributed to the diurnal warming effect. Error estimation of SST data must be carried out to use the real-time forecasting numerical model of the KOOS. This study suggests two quality control methods for the KOOS SST system. To minimize the diurnal warming effect, SSTs of areas where wind speed is higher than 5 m/s were used. Depending on the wind threshold value, KOOS SST data for August 2014 were reduced by 0.15°C. Errors in SST data are considered to be a combination of random, sampling, and bias errors. To estimate bias error, the standard deviation of bias between KOOS SSTs and climatology SSTs were used. KOOS SST data yielded an analysis error standard deviation value similar to OSTIA and NOAA NCDC(OISST) data. The KOOS SST shows lower random and sampling errors with increasing number of observations using six satellite datasets. In further studies, the proposed quality control methods for the KOOS SST system will be applied through more long-term case studies and comparisons with other SST systems.     

COPEX和HM2000与APEX型剖面浮标比测试验及资料质量评价

利用船载CTD仪、国外剖面浮标(APEX)和实验室盐度计等标准仪器设备,在西北太平洋海域对2种型号国产剖面浮标(COPEX和HM2000)进行了现场比测试验,并对观测资料质量进行了定性和定量分析与评价.结果表明:(1) COPEX和HM2000型剖面浮标观测的盐度资料均能达到国际Argo计划提出的±0.01的精度要求;(2)HM2000的最小观测深度离海面1 m以内,最大观测深度基本稳定在2 000 m左右,并能保持在1000 m深度附近漂移,而COPEX的最小观测深度在8～9 m之间,最大观测深度则在1 800～1 900 m之间波动,且漂移深度都在600～800 m之间;(3)COPEX和HM2000都获得了70条以上有效观测剖面.总体而言,两种国产剖面浮标观测的温、盐度资料都是可信、可靠的.但试验中暴露的一些问题和不足仍有待不断改进和完善.     

长岛县南五岛土壤地球化学特征及环境质量评价

以长岛县南五岛土壤为研究对象,对区内土壤元素的含量特征进行分析,并对土壤环境质量进行评价。结果表明：研究区土壤平均含量与烟台市、山东省以及全国土壤平均水平相比,除CaO,Na2O,Hg,S,Se,P,F元素含量差异较明显,其他大部分元素含量相对稳定,元素含量的高低不仅与研究区背景条件有关,也与人类活动密切相关。研究区土壤环境质量整体较好,大部分区域属于清洁区和尚清洁区,仅城区局部受到一定程度的Cd,Hg,Zn污染。     

中国人口城镇化质量评价及省际差异分析

新型城镇化是中国的重要国策,对人的城镇(市)化的科学评价是正确认识城镇化和制定相关政策的重要基础.目前城--乡二元分析框架下的以城镇化率和城镇(或区域)城镇化质量为主的评价方法,难以反映城镇化过程中社会结构的变化,同时乡村人口的城镇化发展也被忽略.本文提出人口城镇化质量的概念,建立了衡量人口城镇化质量的指标体系.对1995,2000,2005,2010和2012年全国及各省市的城镇人口,乡村人口及总人口的城镇化质量进行了分析.研究发现:① 尽管城镇人口的城镇化速度显著快于乡村人口,但城镇化并非城镇人口独有的社会过程.② 城乡两类人口的城镇化质量在省域尺度上正逐步形成差异明显的空间格局.③ 北京,上海,浙江等少数省市乡村人口的城镇化质量已经超越部分内地省市城镇人口的城镇化质量.建议更新对城镇化的认识和评价标准,探索在城镇化发达的地区调整城--乡二元体制的新途径,促进中国城镇化的健康发展.     

伊犁盆地伊昭井田煤层煤质特征研究

伊昭井田位于伊犁盆地中西部,煤层资源储量36亿t。赋煤层位为侏罗世水西沟群西山窑组,共含煤12层,其中可采煤层6层,3号煤层和5号煤层为井田主采煤层。对各煤层特征进行了研究,总结了各煤层特征及赋存规律及各煤层煤质特征及工业利用方向。对指导伊犁盆地的煤炭勘查、开发利用及生产布局具有积极意义。     

红河油田低压易漏地层水平段固井技术

为提高红河油田水平井固井质量,满足后期分段压裂需求,对红河油田水平井固井技术进行了研究。针对红河油田水平段固井技术难点,通过室内和现场试验,优选出了GSJ水泥浆体系,基于实测地层压力与地层破裂压力,进行平衡压力固井设计确定了环空浆体结构,为提高顶替效率,优化了扶正器类型与加放位置,专业软件模拟表明套管居中度＞73%,良好的井眼准备和套管漂浮措施确保了管柱的顺利下入;加长胶塞、树脂滚轮刚性旋流扶正器和关井阀等附件的使用,保证了固井质量。现场应用53口水平井,水泥浆全部返至地面,CBL测井结果表明,固井优良率达81.13%。该固井技术成功应用于红河油田水平井中,保证了固井质量,满足了后期分段压裂的需要。     

阜阳华纺新天地超长空桩成孔施工控制措施

阜阳华纺新天地桩基工程,原计划基坑底面施工调整为地面施工,增加了近14 m的空桩。为此,工程桩施工质量存在桩位、孔底沉渣厚度、钢筋笼位置、砼质量、砼桩顶标高等方面控制的相关问题。本文介绍了其施工情况,其经验可供类似工程借鉴。     

基于数值模拟的再生水对地下水质影响实例

为了探讨在再生水地表回灌条件下,再生水对地下水中氨素和主要盐分浓度变化的影响,选取现实存在的清河再生水湿地公园为例,以氨氮、Cl-离子为主要研究对象,利用Hydrus-1D溶质运移模型和Modflow、MT3DMSD耦合地下水模型,模拟了再生水长期利用后的地下水氨氮和Cl-指标变化情况。研究结果显示,再生水到达包气带底部时,水中氮氨、Cl-离子含量高于研究区潜水地下水中的相应指标含量,氨氮超出地下水质量Ⅲ类标准。预测5~20年后,潜水中氨氮超标面积不断扩展,20年后将达14km2,氨氮超标垂向延伸至第一层弱透水层;Cl-离子在潜水中不超标,但在湿地公园周边浓度有所增加。湿地公园再生水的长期地表回灌将给当地地下水质量带来负面影响。     

Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in Balad district,Salah Al-Din Governorate,Iraq

The assessment of hydrochemical quality of groundwater is very important to explore its nature and usefulness. In this paper, groundwater quality evaluation is carried out in the Balad district, Salah Al-Din Governorate, Iraq. A total of 28 groundwater samples are collected from shallow tube wells and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. Groundwater suitability for drinking is evaluated based on the World Health Organization (WHO) and Iraqi standards, and suitability of groundwater for irrigation is assessed based on various hydrochemical parameters. The results reveal that the dominant types of groundwater based on piper diagram are mixed CaMgCl and CaCl. Gibbs ratio indicates that the groundwater in the studied area is affected by the evaporation process. The cation-anion exchange reaction in the studied area demonstrates that 54% of the groundwater samples indicate a direct base (cation-anion) exchange reaction, while 46% of the groundwater samples indicating the chloro-alkaline disequilibrium. Furthermore, generally all of the groundwater samples are unsuitable for drinking and irrigation. Cluster analysis reveals two different groups of similarities between the groundwater samples, reflecting different pollution levels in the studied area.