Non-volatile Hydrocarbon Chemistry Studies Around a Production Platform on Australia's Northwest Shelf

In September 1994 and 1995, scientists from the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) and the Australian Geological Survey Organization (AGSO) conducted surveys aboard the RV Lady Basten to determine the dispersion, fates and effects of produced formation water (PFW) discharged from the ‘ Harriet A ’ oil production platform near the Montebello Islands. This report is one of four related papers and describes the non-volatile hydrocarbon chemistry studies. The dispersion of the PFW into dissolved and particulate fractions of seawater were measured using moored high volume water samplers, surface screen samplers and moored and drifting sediment traps. Bio-accumulation was studied using transplanted oysters, and dispersion measured into sediment with benthic grabs.Results showed enrichment in non-volatile hydrocarbons in surface microlayer samples to a distance of 1·8 km in the direction of tidal flow. Concentrations in surface microlayers near the platform varied by an order of magnitude and corresponded to when a surface slick was visible or not visible. Concentrations of oil in seawater ranged from 2·0 to 8·5 μg l⁻¹at near stations to 1·3 μg l⁻¹at 1·8 km. Water column samples showed the processes of desorption from particles for soluble components occur within the range of 1·8 km. Most particulate hydrocarbons drop out of suspension within c. 1 to 2 km from the platform. Fluxes of particulate hydrocarbons through the water column at c. 1 km, as estimated by moored sediment traps in 1995, were 138 to 148 ng cm⁻²day⁻¹. A decrease in sediment concentrations within c. 1 km of the platform was measured as 2·45±1·29 μg g⁻¹dry wt (n=15) in 1994 to 0·86±0·54 μg g⁻¹dry wt (n=21) in 1995, after the platform installed a centrifugal separator in the discharge treatment process. Thus the residence time of this relatively low molecular weight oil was estimated in the coarse aerobic sands surrounding the platform to be less than one year. Oysters suspended near the platform bio-accumulated hydrocarbons and other lipophilic organics in their tissues. Uptake rates and bio-concentration factors of hydrocarbons indicated potential toxicity at the near-field stations within c. 1 km radius.A mass balance was constructed to show the partitioning of the input of hydrocarbons from the PFW into the surrounding marine ecosystem. The rates of dissipation processes were estimated as follows: dilution from tidal currents>degradation in the water column>sedimentation>evaporation. The calculations based on maximum concentrations measured in the environmental samples accounted for 85% of the daily input suspended within a 1 km radius.It is estimated that the potential zone of toxic influence in the water column extends to a distance of approximately 1 km. Concentrations of oil in sediments were too low to indicate potential toxicity. By the collaborative application of oceanographic and geochemical techniques to marine environmental problems, we endeavour to provide effective feedback to the oil industry to gauge the effectiveness of their operational strategies in minimizing impact in these pristine regions.     

盐水泥浆条件下定向井双侧向测井环境校正方法研究

在定向井中,双侧向测井数据由于受井眼、围岩、井斜、径向侵入等环境因素的影响,难以准确地估算储层的电阻率和更准确地识别储层流体.本文拟提出图版法和反演法相结合的思路来研究地层视电阻率的校正问题.首先,针对研究区的测井环境和钻井液电阻率,计算了不同尺寸井眼的双侧向测井响应,绘制了井眼校正图版;然后,针对斜度井地层模型,采用三维有限元方法计算了不同井斜、不同厚度地层的测井响应,构建了井斜-围岩/层厚图版,利用该图版实现了井眼校正和井斜-围岩/层厚的电阻率快速校正.最后,针对钻井液侵入的影响,采用反演方法计算了侵入半径和地层真电阻率,最终实现了双侧向测井的环境校正.利用上述理论与方法对海洋中定向井的双侧向测井资料进行了环境校正,提高了储层流体定性识别和定量评价的精度.     

多靶点长距离水平对接连通井施工工艺

H050井是土耳其Beypazari天然碱矿四期工程施工的一口水平井,按照原有施工设计,H050井需要与另外一口垂直井V050对接连通,形成一个溶采单元。由于此井组处于矿区边缘,为了保证溶采通道落在主矿层里,对施工设计进行修改,在H050井和V050井之间增设3个靶井。然而中间3个靶井的设计井位处于悬崖边和老井边,因此将设计井位挪至便于施工的位置,施工时采用定向钻进,使靶井的井底靶区回到指定区域,最终,H050成功连通4个靶井,并实现长距离水平钻进。本文结合施工实践,总结了几点多靶井连通施工的技术关键,为类似钻井施工提供借鉴和参考。     

定向钻井技术在阜康煤层气示范工程中的应用

新疆阜康白杨河矿区煤层气开发利用先导性示范工程是新疆第一个煤层气开发利用示范工程。新疆阜康白杨河矿区地形复杂,多为山地丘陵,地层具有“高倾角、多煤层、大厚度”的地质特点,示范工程部署的井型大部分为丛式井,因此定向钻井技术得到广泛应用。本文主要从示范工程现有井排采情况,分析了井身质量对管杆偏磨的影响,并从钻具组合和定向工艺优化等几个方面对本地区定向钻井技术进行了研究,同时对该技术在本区块应用过程中出现的一些问题进行了探讨,为今后该区块定向钻井技术的推广应用奠定了技术基础。     

煤层气分压合排技术适应条件分析——以陕西吴堡矿区为例

在多煤层发育的地区,实施分层压裂、合层排采工艺技术是一项降低煤层气勘探开发成本、提高产气量的重要举措。吴堡矿区煤层气资源丰富,其主力煤层为S1、T1煤层。为探讨分压合排技术在吴堡矿区煤层气勘探开发中的适用性,通过分析吴堡矿区主力煤层(S1、T1)的煤层气分压合排影响因素,研究了煤层气分压合排技术适应条件和本区S1、T1煤层分压合排的可行性。结果表明：虽然吴堡矿区S1、T1煤层的压力梯度和渗透率差别不大,但其煤层顶底板岩石特征和水文地质条件有差异,分压合排过程中存在层间干扰。因此,在现有技术条件下,不适合对本区S1、T1煤层采用分压合排技术。现场勘探试验井的排采效果也验证了理论分析的可靠性。     

地热井洗井及增产工艺技术探讨

本文从地热井钻探过程入手,分析了钻井过程中对含水层通道的污染因素,系统总结了地热井的洗井工艺和流程、水层改造增产技术及变更设计增产技术,在地热钻井中的应用。     

利用双井筒大水平距对接井钻井技术热力开采天然气水合物

分析了国内外天然气水合物的研究现状及天然气水合物开采中的问题,在此基础上,介绍了俄罗斯提出的运用双井简大水平距定向对接智能井钻井技术,利用核废料产生的热量开采天然气水合物的具有专利技术的一种新方法,简述了其开采原理及开采过程,可为我国天然气水合物的开采研究提供参考借鉴。     

干扰井群相关分析计算原理与应用

干扰井群相关分析计算,是依据实验抽水试验数据建立的Ｓ＝ｆ（Ｑ）及ｔ＝ｆ（Ｑ,ｄ）经验方程,进行布井方案的对比分析。实 表明,干扰井相关分析计算结果能够比较符合开采或排水地段的实际条件,从而取得较理想的效果。     

常用电测井方法的应用探讨

对常用电测井的方法及应用进行了分析和探讨,总结了其应用效果和影响因素,并对当前电测井工作提出了改进建议.     

随钻伽马测井快速正演算法及地质导向应用

在定向井及水平井钻井过程中,常采用地质导向技术;地质导向的关键在于实时确定地层界面和产状、实现地层模型的实时更新和井眼轨迹的及时调整,从而最大限度地提高油层的钻遇率.利用基于地层模型的测井响应正演曲线与随钻测井曲线进行对比是确定地层界面的有效方法;本文基于伽马射线在地层中的衰减规律,导出了不同地层模型中随钻伽马测井响应快速正演算法,克服了目前难以将蒙特卡罗算法用于实时随钻伽马测井正演的困难.应用实例表明该方法可以有效地辅助实时判定实际地层界面,更好地实现地质导向.