Assessment of the oil source-rock potential of the Pedregoso Formation (Early Miocene) in the Falcón Basin of northwestern Venezuela

The early Miocene Pedregoso Formation is one of the numerous formations rich in organic matter within the stratigraphic record of the Urumaco Trough, in the central area of the Falcón Basin. Due to its lithological characteristics and stratigraphic position, this formation is of great interest regarding the basin's petroliferous systems. The evaluation of various inorganic and organic geochemical parameters indicates that the organic matter is primarily of marine origin, deposited in a marine carbonate environment typical of reefal systems, under oxic-to-dysoxic conditions. The low variability in the TOC concentrations and in the distributions of the biomarkers extracted from the samples suggests that the paleoenvironmental conditions and the organic-matter supply remained approximately constant throughout the sedimentation of this unit. The Pedregoso type-II organic matter (marine origin) and initial organic richness value (∼1.8%) suggest that this unit has probably generated hydrocarbons within the Urumaco Trough. However, present-day thermal maturity parameters reveal that the Pedregoso organic matter is overmature (dry gas window), indicating that this unit is only capable to generate gas. In addition, the geothermal gradient, maturity parameters, and the maximum paleotemperature estimated in this study suggest that the Pedregoso Formation reached a maximum burial depth the ∼6.5 km, consistent with the value obtained from data of stratigraphic thickness in the Urumaco Trough. This implies that the thermal anomaly that affected the basin during the Late Eocene–Early Miocene did not reach the central part of the basin, and therefore, the organic matter maturation in this unit is due to the sedimentary burial.     

The role of inflow magnitude and frequency on plankton communities from the Guadalupe Estuary,Texas, USA: Findings from microcosm experiments

Changes in magnitude and frequency of inflow results in subsequent alterations in the delivery of nutrients essential for phytoplankton growth and competition producing variations in community composition and nutritional value of phytoplankton. Zooplankton demographics are likely directly influenced by pulsed inflows due to flushing losses, whereas they are also indirectly affected by changes in prey quality. In this study, we report the potential effect of pulsed inflows on the plankton community of the Guadalupe Estuary. Microcosms were used that allowed control of light intensity and photoperiod, turbulence, temperature, nutrient loading, and flushing magnitude and periodicity. Our microcosm experiments were novel as they utilized natural plankton communities, thereby allowing the simultaneous interaction between hydrology, resource availability and grazing. Results show differences in microcosms according to magnitude and frequency of flushing. For example, copepod population density was greatest at the annual mean inflow magnitude. At half the annual mean inflow a decline in prey quality likely resulted in poorer grazer performance, and at double the annual mean inflow magnitude increased flushing losses prevented the incidence of higher copepod densities. Similarly, pulsed inflows resulted in greater copepod population densities, higher overall phytoplankton biomass, and dominance of centric diatoms (known to be faster growing and more edible). While reduced freshwater inflow associated with increasing anthropogenic demands often strains the needs of estuarine systems, the effects of reduced river input may be alleviated with several management options including manipulation of the timing, frequency, and magnitude of freshwater inflows. Before implications for management can be discerned from these findings, however, larger scale experiments are needed focus on the roles of inflow magnitude and frequency.     

浊流及相关重力流沉积研究综述

本文首先介绍了浊流及相关重力流的有关概念,并对浊流沉积研究历史进行了简要回顾,概括了当前浊流沉积的研究现状;随后,总结了浊积岩的沉积特征并对其成因进行了扼要解释;最后,对浊流及相关重力流沉积研究中两个有争议的问题－浊积相的划分和浊积相模式的建立进行了探讨。     

冲绳海槽的晚第四纪浊流沉积

冲绳海槽晚第四纪的浊流沉积发育在海底斜坡带和坡折处静水环境,属阵发性纵向浊流。物质来源于海槽中心斜坡区的滑塌沉积物、岛坡、陆坡和台湾宜兰浇滩的碎屑沉积物。受控于海底地形、滞流环境和构造岩浆活动以及伴生的浅源地震。 冲绳海槽海底表层浊流沉积物,形成在晚更新世末次冰期最盛期、末次冰期末和冰后期三个阶段,以末次冰期最盛期阵发频繁,浊积物最发育,与气候寒冷期有一定的相关性。     

山东灵山岛晚中生代滑塌沉积层的发现及区域构造意义初探

灵山岛位于青岛胶南市东南黄海近岸海域中,为中国北方第一高岛,构造上属于苏鲁造山带,但岛上很多重要的地质现象尚未在地质文献中披露过。本文作者对灵山岛进行了初步地质考察,在被看做早白垩世莱阳期的地层中发现远源浊积岩及其内部大量的滑塌沉积层,孢粉鉴定初步结果显示该地层的时代很可能为侏罗纪。滑塌构造以同沉积滑塌褶皱为主,而在滑塌体内部还发现有很多同沉积变形构造,如:同沉积布丁构造、同沉积拉伸线理、同沉积双重构造等。同沉积滑塌褶皱体的排列方向揭示了其物源来自南东方向,韵律层中弱粒序层单元颗粒为细砂到粉砂,反映出远源浊积岩的特征。根据滑塌体运移方向判断盆地的古地理特征为东南侧水体变浅而西北侧水体变深。滑塌沉积发育时,盆地为介于扬子板块和华北板块之间的残余洋盆。发育于砂质单元中的早期平面X剪节理指示了该套浊积岩在褶皱之前受到了SE—NW向的动态挤压,而后期的不对称褶皱构造记录了扬子板块自南东向北西侧的华北板块俯冲的历史。灵山岛中生代滑塌沉积层的发现不仅揭示了中国东部存在着晚中生代海相沉积,更为扬子板块与华北板块在郯庐断裂以东碰撞缝合的演化历史研究提供了珍贵的实际材料。     

蒸气收集脉冲进样流动注射氢化物发生－原子荧光法测定痕量锑

研究了流动注射氢化物发生－原子荧光测定矿石中Ｓｂ的方法，提出用蒸气收集脉冲进样技术，较大地提高了氢化物发生法的灵敏度和检测能力。标准参考样品的分析结果与推荐值吻合，精密度（ＲＳＤ）和检出限分别为５．１％（８ｎｇ／ｍｌ，ｎ＝９）和０．１９ｎｇ／ｍｌ。测定速度为１２０样／ｈ。     

脉冲进样火焰原子吸收法测定矿石中钾和钠

采用一种新的脉冲进样装置火焰原子吸收法测定了矿石中Na和K,装置也可常规进样,同时获得两种进样的分析结果。性能比较表明,脉冲进样法的耗样量、分析速度和精密度优于常规进样法。     

脉冲微波式氢原子钟初期电路设计

上海天文台时间频率研究室以原有被动型氢钟物理部分为基础,开展了脉冲微波式氢原子钟的研究。设计电路产生2个相干微波脉冲,连续激励氢原子跃迁,模拟双腔共振,使氢原子发生Ramsey干涉,压缩氢原子跃迁谱线宽度,以期提高氢原子钟短期稳定度指标。具体做法为:用DDS产生扫频电路,混频生成1.420 405 GHz激励信号后,再用CPLD产生脉冲时序控制数字衰减器,将激励信号衰减为脉冲形式,激励氢原子发生Ramsey干涉,导出微波信号并进行相关处理就可以产生Ramsey条纹。已观测到Ramsey干涉条纹,其中心峰宽度为1.2 Hz,相比传统被动型氢原子钟压缩了60%。     

温度对POP Rb原子钟性能影响的研究

从温度对缓冲气体碰撞频移和弛豫率的影响出发,对充有Ar和N2这2种缓冲气体的POP(pulsed optically pumped,脉冲激光抽运)汽泡式铷原子钟的温度特性进行了理论和实验研究。研究表明,Ar与N2的气压比为1.6时,60℃的线性温度系数为0;不同温度时,布居数差弛豫率1和相干弛豫率2各不相同,若1 2,则POP铷原子钟Ramsey条纹包络在微波场与原子跃迁失谐为0附近为凹陷,信噪比较差,反之,为凸起,信噪比较高。研究结果对设计POP原子钟的缓冲气体气压比和工作温度,以及提高POP原子钟的中长期稳定度有一定借鉴作用。     

U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotope systematics of detrital zircons from the Songpan–Ganzi Triassic flysch,NE Tibetan Plateau: implications for provenance and crustal growth

We conducted in situ U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotope analyses of 401 detrital zircons collected from the Songpan–Ganzi Triassic turbidite complex in an attempt to understand the provenance variations of the siliciclastic rocks and the crustal growth history of central China. These detrital zircons exhibit a wide age spectrum with three major peaks at 1.7–2.0 Ga, 750–1050 Ma, and 210–500 Ma. They are dominated by negative ?_Hf(t) values with a large range. Synthesis of the zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopic data indicate that the Triassic Songpan–Ganzi turbiditic succession could have been derived dominantly from the Tibetan terrains + the Kunlun and Qinling orogens. Our samples are characterized by a common, prominent group of Hf crust formation model ages at 0.8–4.1 Ga with a peak at 2.7–3.4 Ga. This fact indicates that (1) Phanerozoic magmatism in central China could have been predominantly products of crustal reworking with insignificant formation of juvenile crust and (2) the Neoarchaean was an important period of continental growth in central China. In addition, our data set also reveal that three widespread tectonothermal events could have occurred in the region during the late Mesoproterzoic, Palaeozoic, and early Mesozoic, respectively.