水平浅埋条形锚板极限抗拔力上限计算

作为一种提供抗拔力的基础形式,锚板在实际工程中有广泛的应用。在上限定理的基础上,根据线性破坏准则,对锚板上的填土建立机动容许的速度场,运用关联流动法则以及速度边界条件求解条形锚板极限抗拔力的上限解。把锚板上填土的抗剪强度指标c、? 作为变量参数,对锚板上部填土建立两种新的含有变量的容许速度场。根据外力功率与内部耗能相等原理,求出极限抗拔力的目标函数与约束条件,并根据“序列二次规划算法”对该问题进行优化。将研究结果与已有文献资料进行分析比较,可以证明本文方法的有效性。参数分析结果表明：在同样条件下,两种破坏模式的极限抗拔力差别不大;岩土体密实度、抗剪强度指标c、?、锚板埋深率和锚板几何形状对锚板承载能力和锚板抗拔破坏区域均有较大的影响。     

CBJ-10型冲击取样钻机的研制与应用

与常规的槽探和回转钻进相比,利用冲击钻探方法进行地质土壤取样具有取心效率高、取样质量高、对环境破坏小等优点。 为此研制了一种轻便型的冲击取样钻机。通过对冲击原理分析,钻具设计以及拔管器结构分析计算,经过多次设计验证,并在2次现场试用的基础上,进行了不断改进。实践证明该钻机取样效率高,土壤原状保持程度好,能满足高质量土壤取样施工的技术要求。     

全段注浆预应力锚杆基本试验中极限承载力和安全系数的确定

根据全段一次性注浆预应力锚杆在张拉试验与正常工作中的受力特点,分析影响试验锚杆极限承载力和安全系数的因素,在此基础上,与现有规范相比较,针对其特点,提出运用这种锚杆试验应考虑自由段的摩阻来确定极限承载力和安全系数的方法,并对试验荷这到规范规定的最大荷载而锚杆未破坏时,在综合经济,安全的前提下,提出对试验的认识。另外,通过实验比较,证实考虑摩阻力来确定极限承载力和安全系数的必要性。     

A study of geogrid-reinforced ballast using laboratory pull-out tests and discrete element modelling

This paper presents an evaluation of the behaviour of geogrid-reinforced railway ballast. Experimental large box pull-out tests were conducted to examine the key parameters influencing the interaction between ballast and the geogrid. The experimental results demonstrated that the triaxial geogrid outperforms the biaxial geogrid and the geogrid aperture size is more influential than rib profile and junction profile. The discrete element method (DEM) has then been used to model the interaction between ballast and geogrid by simulating large box pull-out tests and comparing with experimental results. The DEM simulation results have been shown to provide good predictions of the pull-out resistance and reveal the distribution of contact forces in the geogrid-reinforced ballast system. Therefore, the calibrated geogrid model and the use of clumps to model ballast particles hold much promise for investigating the interaction between geogrids and ballast and therefore optimising performance.     

含水率对土工格栅与膨胀土界面拉拔性状的影响

含水率对土工格栅加筋膨胀土结构的运行具有直接影响,而国内外对其作用机制少有研究。为此,采用填土尺寸为600 mm×600 mm×600 mm的大型叠环式剪切仪进行一系列拉拔试验,研究了含水率对土工格栅与膨胀土界面拉拔性状的影响。试验结果表明,含水率对拉拔力与土工格栅位移特征、界面应力变形特征、界面强度参数等具有显著影响。含水率较高,土工格栅发生刚体平动的时间较早,刚体平动时的单宽拉拔力更接近峰值,界面更偏于理想刚塑性特征;含水率较低,界面似黏聚力较大;而含水率对界面似摩擦角的影响不显著。     

三向土工格栅筋土界面及摩擦特性的离散元模拟

为研究筋土界面细观结构演化并定量评价格栅摩擦特性对加筋性能的影响,建立三维离散元模型,运用“clump”较真实地模拟了三向格栅的增强型节点。通过分析拉拔荷载下界面内颗粒及筋材的力学响应,并将其与前人模型试验及理论分析结果进行对比,验证了文中模型的准确性,得出了局部孔隙率以及配位数等细观参数的变化规律。分析格栅表面摩擦系数参数发现,表观黏聚力与摩擦系数具有正相关性,当摩擦系数达到一定值时摩擦角不再增长。统计结果表明,宏观上界面强度提高可归因于细观上的组构优化。分析筋土界面采用的方法和所得的结果可为加筋土结构机制分析提供新的认识。     

光纤和砂土界面耦合性能的分布式感测试验研究

地质与岩土工程领域中，变形监测一直是评价岩土体稳定性的一个重要指标，其时空演化规律可为工程设计与施工 技术参数优化、地质灾害预警阈值设定提供科学的依据。随着光电感测技术的不断发展，其在地质与岩土工程变形监测中 的作用越来越重要，然而分布式感测光纤与岩土体之间的耦合性对监测结果有显著影响，阐明两者间的作用机理成为该技 术应用的关键环节。文章在综合分析当前地质与岩土工程变形监测技术的基础上，开展了基于BOTDA感测技术的光纤—砂 土界面耦合性能拉拔试验，从试验结果和感测光纤特性两方面分析了感测光纤与砂土的耦合性及二者间的应变传递规律。 试验结果表明：除第一级拉拔外，数据拟合R2均在0.99以上，显示了光纤实测应变分布具有良好的规律性；由试验数据反 算得出的光纤弹性模量约为0.35 GPa，与给定值基本一致；通过感测光纤的F-S端和F-S尾关系，得出光纤—土界面作用过程 可分为全耦合、半耦合和相对滑动三个阶段。上述研究结果为分布式感测技术在各类地质与岩土工程变形监测中的应用提 供指导，同时为开展各类室内模型试验提供参考依据。     

Root tensile strength relationships and their slope stability implications of three shrub species in the Northern Apennines (Italy)

The role of root strength is important in stabilising steep hillslopes which are seasonally affected by storm-induced shallow landslides. In the Italian Apennines, steep (25–40°) slopes underlain by mudstone are generally stable if they are covered by shrubs whose roots anchor into the soil mantle. To quantify the mechanical reinforcement of roots to soil, the root tensile breaking force and the root tensile strength of three autochthonous shrub species commonly growing on stiff clay soils of the Northern Italian Apennines, Rosa canina (L.), Inula viscosa (L.) and Spartium junceum (L.), were measured by means of field and laboratory tests. For each test approximately 150 root specimens were used. The tensile force increases with increasing root diameter following a second-order polynomial regression curve. The tensile strength decreases with increasing root diameter following a power law curve. The field in situ tensile force required to break a root is always smaller than that obtained from laboratory tests for the same root diameter, although their difference becomes negligible if the root diameter is smaller than 5 mm. The influence of root tensile strength on soil shear strength was verified based on the infinite slope stability model. The root reinforcement was calculated using the number and mean diameter of roots. The factor of safety was calculated for three different soil thickness values (0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 m) and topographic slopes between 10° and 45°. The factor of safety for the combination of 0.6 m soil thickness, slopes smaller than 30°, and vegetation of I. viscosa (L.) or S. junceum (L.) is always larger than 1. If a slope is steeper, the factor of safety may be smaller than 1 for I. viscosa (L.), although it is still larger than 1 for S. junceum (L.). In the stiff clayey areas of the Northern Italian Apennines, I. viscosa (L.) mainly colonizes fan/cone/taluses and stabilises these zones up to a topographic gradient < 30° for a soil 0.6 m thick. S. junceum (L.) colonizes not only fan/cone/taluses but also headwalls and cliffs and, for a 0.6 m thick soil, it stabilises these areas up to 45°. The effectiveness of this reinforcement, however, depends strongly on the frequency of soil and seasonal grass vegetation removal due to shallow landsliding before the entrance of the shrub species.     

多支盘锚杆的原型试验与荷载传递特征分析

多支盘锚杆是新近研发的新型锚固结构,与普通锚杆相比具有优良的工程特性。在多支盘锚杆室内模型试验研究的基础上,通过极限平衡理论推导出多支盘锚杆极限承载力理论计算公式,计算模型结果与室内实测数据基本一致,验证了计算公式的有效性。为了进一步掌握多支盘锚杆的荷载传递特性,开展了现场边坡锚固原型试验,利用现场多支盘锚杆拉拔测试所得数据研究了多支盘锚杆的支盘直径、支盘间距和支盘个数对多支盘锚杆极限承载力和变形控制能力的影响。试验结果表明：在粉质黏土中,当支盘间距大于等于4倍支盘直径时,可认为各支盘能独立工作,充分发挥多支盘锚杆的承载力;在相同条件下,与普通锚杆相比,随着多支盘锚杆的支盘直径从300 mm增大到500 mm以及支盘个数从1个增加到3个,多支盘锚杆的抗拔承载力提高非常明显,其变形控制能力也大幅度增强;多支盘锚杆的轴力传递曲线在支盘位置发生突变,呈陡降型,充分体现支盘在抗拔方面的贡献作用。该研究成果为多支盘锚杆的工程应用奠定了良好的理论基础。     

黏土中鱼雷锚抗拔承载力数值分析

基于Abaqus软件,针对预埋在一定深度鱼雷锚的抗拔承载力进行3D数值分析,探讨了锚型、土体类型、拉拔荷载倾角、拉拔荷载水平分量与锚翼夹角等多种因素对拉拔承载力的影响。计算结果表明:在均质土、正常固结土和两层土体中,带4个锚翼鱼雷锚增加56.22 m2的锚翼侧面积,其拉拔承载力比无锚翼的提高1.9倍以上;当锚翼侧面积相同时,增加锚翼的宽度可以有效提高锚的承载力;拉拔荷载倾角α在30°～45°范围内,可获得较大拉拔承载力;锚翼宽度越大,拉拔荷载水平分量与锚翼间的夹角β对鱼雷锚水平承载力影响越明显;经归一化的V-H包络线公式对工程应用中预测鱼雷锚的承载力有一定参考价值。