New Zealand’s Treaty of Waitangi and the doctrine of discovery: Implications for the foreshore and seabed

Since the advent of Western European exploration questions have been raised about the legality and morality of claims to new territories and the ensuing, often brutal colonisation patterns. The doctrine of discovery justified the acquisition of territories by conquest or other means. By the 19th century British common law included the doctrine of continuity, which recognised that the property rights of the indigenous people survived after the Crown acquired sovereignty over their territories. The Crown used a general treaty of cession and protection as the instrument for gaining sovereignty. In the context of Western European colonisation, this article discusses the statutory and judicial recognition of New Zealand’s Treaty of Waitangi 1840 and native title to land. The ensuing discussion highlights statute and judicial decisions that depart from the Treaty and are unique within the British colonies. This article also discusses the settlement of Treaty-based claims to land and fisheries and the current debate regarding ownership of the land along the seacoast and beneath the sea. The article contributes to the broader discussion on indigenous rights.     

脑血管意外后抑郁症量表与CT表现相关研究

应用ＺｕｎｇＤＨＡＭＤＳＣＬ－９０－Ｄ调查了９８例脑血管意外患者的抑郁心理状态，ＣＴ片上观察的指标有ＡＰ％、ＰＰ％、ＬＹ％和病灶部位（皮层或层下）。结果表明：（１）ＰＳＤ的发生率较高，急性期为４３％，慢性期为５５％；（２）不论皮层还是皮层下病灶，急性期左半球前部损伤均产生较高的抑郁程度，ＡＰ％与抑郁程度呈显著负相关，（３）慢性期患者ＣＴ上损伤部位与ＰＳＤ关系不明显，作者的结论是：ＰＳＤ量表得分与有一定关系，ＣＴ可预测ＰＳＤ发生的可能性及抑郁程度大小．     

紫阳县城滑坡监测及变形规律分析

本文介绍了紫阳县城滑坡监测工作的技术方案及数据处理方法和结果。通过各种方案的对比分析．对监测网的各种技术方案的选取提供了依据．文中所提出的依据稳健估计原理、利用Ｓ变换解决参考基准的定位问题．是基准网非稳定情况下进行监测数据处理的成功方法，颇有借鉴意义。     

辽东湾表层沉积物碎屑矿物组合分布及其对物源和沉积物扩散的指示意义

对取自渤海辽东湾的128个表层沉积物样品进行了碎屑矿物鉴定,对矿物成分含量应用log-ratio法处理后进行统计分析。结果表明,研究区重矿物质量百分含量平均值为6.3%,高值区位于六股河口和湾西北近岸。共鉴定出7种轻矿物,38种重矿物,轻矿物以石英、斜长石和钾长石为主,重矿物以普通角闪石、绿帘石、磁铁矿、石榴子石、钛铁矿为主。根据碎屑矿物的组合分布特征,可将研究区划分为两个矿物组合区,其中又可细分为6个矿物亚区。六股河和湾西北近岸矿物亚区的碎屑矿物主要来源于六股河、湾西北入海小溪和海岸侵蚀物质,湾东北部矿物亚区沉积物主要来源于双台子河和大辽河,湾中部矿物亚区为多源混合区,湾南部矿物亚区受邻近海域和复州河沉积物影响大,湾东南部的辽东浅滩矿物亚区为潮流作用的产物。与河流入海沉积物相比,该区表层沉积物的石英/长石比值和ZTR指数明显增大。研究认为,物源是控制研究区碎屑矿物的组合与分布的主要因素,同时也受到海洋水动力和矿物性质等因素影响。     

重矿物在沉积物源分析中的应用——以内蒙古西部额济纳旗及邻区石炭系—二叠系为例

分析旧司阶—吴家坪阶额济纳旗及其邻区主要地层中的碎屑岩重矿物组合特征,结合区域地质特征、碎屑岩岩石学特征、碎屑锆石测年资料、古水流方向、沉积体系特征等,阐述了石炭系—二叠系沉积物的物源体系。重矿物组合特征显示,研究区北部黑鹰山-额济纳旗坳陷和南部的柳园-芒汗超克坳陷的碎屑岩重矿物组合类型和含量都有差异,指示它们来自不同的物源区;碎屑锆石测年资料显示,绿园-拐子湖凹陷的埋汗哈达剖面埋汗哈达组碎屑锆石的年龄可分为2类：436Ma±13Ma和1467Ma±110Ma,古水流方向也显示有北部物源区存在,说明沉积物源受敦煌-阿拉善-狼山古陆和马鬃山-拐子湖隆起带的双重作用;北部坳陷沉积物源来自马鬃山-拐子湖隆起带。     

南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡表层沉积物干酪根

本文采用元素分析、红外光谱、扫描电镜和热解分析等手段研究南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡表层沉积物中干酪根的化学和物理性质。南极样干酪根的芳香度与Ｃ／Ｈ原子比呈线性关系。红外光谱特征表明，干酪根中含有大量苯和其同系物如甲苯、乙苯、１，２－二甲苯和１，４－二甲苯等化合物。南极样的热解烃最高仅１．８２×１０－３，总烃平均量０．８９×１０－３，反映了有机质的贫乏。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Unfairly Structured Cities . Blair Badcock Religion and Rural Revolt . Janos M. Bak and Gerhard Benecke The Industrial Geography of Canada . Anthony Blackbourn and Robert G. Putnam The Cuban-American Experience, Culture, Images, and Perspectives. Thomas D. Boswell and James R. Curtis Quaternary Paleoclimatology . R. S. Bradley Development and Crisis in Brazil, 1930–1983 . Luiz Bresser Pereiras Centres of Origin in Biogeography . John C. Briggs Analytical Urban Geography . Martin Cadwallader Geomorphology . Richard J. Chorley , Stanley A. Schumm, and David E. Sugden South Africa: The Impact of Past Geographies . A. J. Christopher The Geography of Underdevelopment. A Critical Survey . D. K. Forbes Health Care in Developing Countries . Wilbert M. Gesler Place to Grow Old: The Meaning of Environment in Old Age . Stephen M. Golant The Emerging Marine Economy of the Pacific . Chennat Gopalakrishnan An Introduction to Agricultural Geography . David B. Grigg The Soviet Union: A Geographical Study . G. Melvyn Howe Geographical Aspects of Health: Essays in Honour of Andrew Learmonth . N. D. Mc Glashan and J. R. Blunden Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation . Tom L. Mc Knight Mountain Experience. The Psychology and Sociology of Adventure. Richard G. Mitchell Jr . Systematic and Regional Biogeography. Stanley A. Morain The Economic Transformation of American Cities. T. J. Noyelle and T. M. Stanback , Jr . Normal Accidents: Living With High-Risk Technologies. Charles Perrow Vanishing Farmland: A Legal Solution for the States. Sarah E. Redfield Applied Methods of Regional Analysis: The Spatial Dimensions of Development Policy. Dennis A. Rondinelli Urbanization in Romania. A Geography of Social and Economic Change Since Independence. Per Ronnas Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis. Gareth Shaw and Dennis Wheeler The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design. Anne Whiston Spirn Political Geography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Peter Taylor and John House Geographia y Medio Ambiente. Manuel Valenzuela -Rubío Nãgara and Commandery: Origins of the Southeast Asian Urban Traditions. Paul Wheatley The Common Fisheries Policy of the European Community. Mark Wise Geography and Gender. Women and Geography Study Group of the IBG Technological Hazards. D. J. Zeigler , J. H. Johnson , S. D. Brunn     

推覆体下特厚煤层开采的特殊地质灾害问题

新集二矿13-1煤为新生界松散层、推覆体下第一开采的特厚煤层,存在着与推覆体发育有关的隐伏构造裂隙水、离层裂隙水(气)、F02断层活化导水、冲击地压造成导水裂隙扩展等特殊的地质灾害问题。针对这些安全隐患,提出了留设防水煤柱、对离层空间充填注浆、选择合理的开采方案、加强采前探测等措施。     

A new parabolic variational inequality formulation of Signorini's condition for non‐steady seepage problems with complex seepage control systems

By extending Darcy's law to the dry domain above the free surface and specifying the boundary condition on the potential seepage surfaces as Signorini's type, a partial differential equation (PDE) defined in the entire domain of interest is formulated for non‐steady seepage flow problems with free surfaces. A new parabolic variational inequality (PVI) formulation equivalent to the PDE formulation is then proposed, in which the flux part of the complementary condition of Signorini's type in the PDE formulation is transformed into natural boundary condition. Consequently, the singularity at the seepage points is eliminated and the difficulty in selecting the trial functions is significantly reduced. By introducing an adaptive penalized Heaviside function in the finite element analysis, the numerical stability of the discrete PVI formulation is well guaranteed. The proposed approach is validated by the existing laboratory tests with sudden rise and dropdown of water heads, and then applied to capture the non‐steady seepage flow behaviors in a homogeneous rectangular dam with five drainage tunnels during a linear dropdown of upstream water head. The non‐steady seepage flow in the surrounding rocks of the underground powerhouse in the Shuibuya Hydropower Project is further modeled, in which a complex seepage control system is involved. Comparisons with the in situ monitoring data show that the calculation results well illustrate the non‐steady seepage flow process during impounding and the operation of the reservoir as well as the seepage control effects of the drainage hole arrays and drainage tunnels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Genesis of the Archean–Paleoproterozoic Tabletop Domain,Rudall Province,and its endemic relationship to the West Australian Craton

The Tabletop Domain of the Rudall Province has been long thought an exotic entity to the West Australian Craton. Recent re-evaluation of this interpretation suggests otherwise, but is founded on limited data. This study presents the first comprehensive, integrated U–Pb geochronology and Hf-isotope analysis of igneous and metasedimentary rocks from the Tabletop Domain of the eastern Rudall Province. Field observations, geochronology and isotope results confirm an endemic relationship between the Tabletop Domain and the West Australian Craton (WAC), and show that the Tabletop Domain underwent a similar Archean–Paleoproterozoic history to the western Rudall Province. The central Tabletop Domain comprises Archean–Paleoproterozoic gneissic rocks with three main age components. Paleo–Neoarchean (ca 3400–2800 Ma) detritus is observed in metasedimentary rocks and was likely sourced from the East Pilbara Craton. Protoliths to mafic gneiss and metasedimentary rocks are interpreted to have been emplaced and deposited during the early Paleoproterozoic (ca 2400–2300 Ma), and exhibit age and isotopic affinities to the Capricorn Orogen basement (Glenburgh Terrane). Mid–late Paleoproterozoic mafic and felsic magmatism (ca 1880–1750 Ma) is assigned to the Kalkan Supersuite, which is exposed in the western Rudall Province. The Kalkan Supersuite provided the main source of detritus for mid–late Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks in the Tabletop Domain. Similarities in the age and Hf-isotope compositions of detrital zircon from these metasedimentary rocks and Capricorn Orogeny basin sediments suggests that a regionally extensive, linked basin system may have spanned the northern WAC at this time. The Tabletop Domain records evidence for two metamorphic events. Mid–late Paleoproterozoic deformation (ca 1770–1750 Ma) was high-grade, regional and involved the development of gneissic fabrics. In contrast, early Mesoproterozoic (ca 1580 Ma) high-grade deformation was localised and associated with more widespread, late-stage, greenschist facies alteration. These new findings highlight that the Tabletop Domain experienced a much higher grade of deformation than previously assumed, with a Paleoproterozoic metamorphic history similar to that of the western Rudall Province.