东海八角亭海洋深井台地震监测

上海市地震局设计、建设的中国第1个真正意义上的海洋深井地震观测台位于东海石油平台上,井深780 m,安装2套JDF-1型地震计进行观测。通过对陆域地震台站记录的大地震进行分析比较、方位校准,采用单台地震分析方法,确定2009年5月—2011年6月记录到的136个地震参数,总结海域地震波形特征。结果表明,该海域地震活动性特征与当地地质构造一致。     

关于成矿作用地球化学研究的几个问题

成矿作用地球化学是矿床地球化学的基础理论分支,属于应用基础类学科,以地球化学原理和方法研究造成元素沉淀富集形成矿床的地球化学作用的原因和机理。本文讨论了热液矿床成矿作用的几个问题。指出花岗岩与矿床类型之间是否存在相关性,即花岗岩是否具有成矿专属性仍然存在争论,需要继续探索。花岗岩类具有成矿潜力不等于这些花岗岩最终都能成矿。决定岩浆发生成矿作用的因素很多,其中岩浆分异作用过程和流体释放时间及其机制可能是决定成矿发生和矿床类型的关键,岩浆熔体中挥发组分及其行为可能是岩浆能否发生成矿作用的决定性要素,聚焦流体流动是成矿作用能否发生的关键环节,而自组织临界性和反馈作用决定了成矿效率和矿床的规模。     

塔里木盆地中高氮天然气的成因及其与天然气聚集的关系

塔里木盆地塔北和塔中地区的海相腐泥型天然气,N2含量较高,尤其是湿气,N2含量分布在10.1％～36.2％,而干气的N2含量则低于10％,即湿气的N2含量高于干气的N2含量。同是下古生界寒武－奥陶系来源的海相腐泥型天然气,为什么湿气和干气的氮气含量相差如此之大?根据与氮气相伴生的烃类气体、非烃气体及稀有气体的组份及同位素特征,认为塔里木盆地的中高氮天然气属于有机成因,来源于下古生界海相烃源岩。文章还提出塔北和塔中地区湿气和干气N2含量差异与源岩的演化程度和圈闭的捕获条件有关。     

Why is Shirase Glacier turning its flow direction eastward?

We applied an image correlation method to Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data obtained from 1996 to 1998 to examine flow velocity within Shirase Glacier, Antarctica. From the grounding line to the downstream region of the glacier, the obtained ice-flow velocity was systematically higher on the western streamline than the eastern. The differences between the two streamlines were 0.31 km/a in 1996 and 0.37 km/a in 1998, significantly larger than the error estimate of 0.03 km/a. The direction of ice flow was about 312° at the grounding line and changed to 327° at 10 km, 346° at 20 km and 2° at 30 km downstream from the grounding line. The total accumulated deflection is 50° to the east. Under the assumption of the conservation of ice mass across the glacier, the observed eastward change in flow direction can be explained by an asymmetric deepening of bedrock topography, that is, across the 8 km width of the glacier, the eastern side is 50 m (10%) deeper than the western side. This eastward turning of flow direction appears to be accelerated by tributary inlets, that flow to the north and northeast at 60–75% of the velocity of inlets on the western streamline.     

A Holistic Approach to Upwelling and Downwelling along the South-West Coast of India

An attempt has been made to develop a holistic understanding of upwelling and downwelling along the south-west coast of India. The main objective was to elucidate the roles of different forcings involved in the vertical motion along this coast. The south-west coast of India was characterized by upwelling during the south-west monsoon (May to September) and by downwelling during the north-east monsoon and winter (November to February). The average vertical velocity calculated along the south-west coast from the vertical shift of the 26?°C isotherm is 0.57?m/day during upwelling and 0.698?m/day during downwelling. It was concluded that upwelling along the south-west coast of India is driven by offshore Ekman transport due to the alongshore wind, Ekman pumping, horizontal divergence of currents and by the propagation of coastally trapped waves. Whereas downwelling along the coast is driven only by convergence of currents and the propagation of coastally trapped Kelvin waves. Along the west coast of India, the downwelling-favorable Kelvin waves come from the equator and upwelling-favorable waves come from the Gulf of Mannar region.     

巧用SURFER绘制二维、三维物化探实用图件

介绍了使用比较普遍的ＳＵＲＦＥＲ 软件的潜在功能及使用技巧。通过功能组合和巧取绘图参数等方法, 能绘制出一些别致的物化探实用图件, 较好地满足多种行业对图件的一些特殊要求。     

均质边坡稳定性极限曲线法

基于滑移线场理论,按边坡坡面变形量评价其稳定性,提出均质边坡极限曲线法。该法是求有重边坡极限荷载的逆过程,也是强度折减法的对偶过程。以特征线法差分方程组（SCM）和试验方程近似公式（CCM）求得的极限坡面曲线与坡面线相交为变形破坏准则,定义了安全度（DOS）和破坏度（DOF）2个评价指标。该方法不必假设和搜索临界滑动面。经典考题和典型算例的验算表明,随着节点的增加SCM法计算精度增加,边界步长不变时,3次样条插值求得的变形破坏准则判断值不变,说明SCM算法稳定。典型算例的计算数据和图例表明,边坡角变大时边坡稳定性降低,极限坡面曲线与坡面由无交点变为有交点,证明了变形破坏准则的正确性。由2个例题计算结果对比可知,安全系数较大时,SCM法、CCM法计算结果与其具有可比性,相对于原边界条件增加了外荷载;安全系数变小时,SCM法、CCM法偏于保守。34个样本计算正确率为安全系数法67.7%,应力状态法73.5%,CCM法79.4%,SCM法70.6%,表明SCM法和CCM法正确率较高,计算结果可靠,SCM法、CCM法因素敏感性分析结论与安全系数法完全一致。在露天矿边坡稳定性和最终边坡角的分析与计算中,SCM法、CCM法结论与原报告相同,当参数变小时CCM法更有利于实践,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

A model for retrieval of dual linear polarization radar fields from model simulation outputs

An algorithm for retrieving polarimetric variables from numerical model fields is developed. By using this technique, radar reflectivity at horizontal polarization~ differential reflectivity, specific differential phase shift and correlation coefficients between the horizontal and vertical polarization signals at zero lag can be derived from rain, snow and hail contents of numerical model outputs. Effects of environmental temperature and the melting process on polarimetric variables are considered in the algorithm. The algorithm is applied to the Advanced Regional Prediction System （ARPS） model simulation results for a hail storm. The spatial distributions of the derived parameters are reasonable when compared with observational knowledge. This work provides a forward model for assimilation of dual linear polarization radar data into a mesoscale model.     

湖北省夏季不同阶段强降水及其大气低频特征

利用1961-2014年湖北省68站逐日降水资料和美国国家海洋和大气管理局环流资料,对比分析了湖北省夏季梅雨期和盛夏期低频强降水事件的基本特征、大气环流形势和低频信号传播特征。结果表明:(1)湖北省夏季降水存在显著的准双周低频周期。(2)相较于盛夏期,梅雨期低频强降水事件次数多,强度强。(3)梅雨期和盛夏期低频强降水事件发生期间的环流形势有着显著的差异。梅雨期,对流层中层东亚沿岸为南北向的波列分布,低层受强索马里越赤道气流和副热带高压外围西南气流共同影响,水汽条件好,东亚存在鞍型场,流场变形,利于形成中尺度气旋系统;盛夏期,对流层中层为欧亚波列分布,低层索马里越赤道气流弱,主要受副热带高压外围水汽输送的影响,日本海以西地区有一异常气旋,其西侧的偏北气流与暖湿气流在30°N附近交汇维持。(4)在强降水事件发生前后,对流层低层的低频正涡度传播特征有较大差异,在梅雨期表现为驻波特征,盛夏期传播更为明显,表现为向西、向南向北传播。     

宁波地区空气质量及大气自净能力海陆差异对比

以镇海、奉化分别作为宁波沿海和内陆空气质量代表站。基于代表站2013-2017年污染物资料和2015年12月至2017年2月冬季激光雷达资料,对比分析宁波地区沿海和内陆站点的空气质量差异;利用NCEP的GDAS(Global Data Assimilation System)资料和ERA-Interim高分辨率再分析资料评估两地气溶胶来源及大气自净能力差异。结果表明:宁波沿海和内陆地区中度及以上污染主要集中于冬季,冬季首要污染物以PM2.5为主;镇海NO2浓度较奉化显著偏高,而两地PM2.5 和PM10 浓度差异较小。冬季镇海和奉化3km以下都存在消光系数大的气溶胶集中层,镇海3km内消光系数平均值较奉化偏高约40%。两地中度及以上污染时,镇海和奉化的气溶胶粒子主要来自宁波西北方向的内陆地区,比例分别为90%和63%,镇海地区其余10%左右来自近距离低空偏东气流的输送,而奉化地区有37%来自浙江西南部的短距离输送。冬季当宁波地区出现区域性优和中度以上污染时,浙江北部沿海分别盛行东北风和西北风,空气质量优时混合层内平均风速大于中度以上污染时。浙江省大气自净能力比值呈自西北向东南减小,宁波地区优等空气质量大气自净能力约为中度以上污染的 1.5倍。大气自净能力在不同空气质量等级下差异显著,可作为大气污染发生、发展和消退判定的参考依据。