水对岩石亚临界裂纹扩展及门槛值的影响研究

亚临界裂纹扩展是岩体工程时间相依性的主要原因之一。采用常位移松弛法,对饱水和干燥两种状态下的大理岩、花岗岩双扭试件进行了亚临界裂纹扩展试验研究,获得了两种岩石在两种状态下的亚临界裂纹扩展速率V与应力强度因子 的关系,分析了两种岩石在两种状态下亚临界裂纹扩展的规律,并确定了两种岩石在两种状态下的门槛值（干燥状态）：大理岩 为1.365,花岗岩 为2.305;（饱水状态）：大理岩 为1.118,花岗岩 为1.490。研究表明,两种岩石的 与 关系有较好的线性规律, 但由于岩石本身矿物成分等的不均匀性,同种岩石的 与 关系离散性较大,饱水状态下离散性更大;水能加速岩石亚临界裂纹的扩展,且对不同的岩石,其影响程度也不一样;水可以使岩石亚临界裂纹扩展的门槛值有较大幅度降低,不同岩石其降低的程度也不一样。     

新天文常数、系统对天文经纬度和方位角的影响

本文从理论上讨论了新天文常数、系统对恒星视位置影响的周期性、计算公式及其数值范围,并结合一等天文外业的实际情况,推导了新天文常数、系统对天文经纬度和方位角的影响公式及其数值范围,从而得出在任何年观测都可以使其影响忽略不计等结论。     

铌钽精矿标准物质研制

铌钽精矿标准物质在监控选冶样品分析的过程起到重要作用,在选厂及冶金系统有很大的需求,国内外的文献检索均未发现铌钽精矿标准物质的报道;而铌钽矿物的性质决定了铌钽精矿的粉碎粒度及均匀性对铌钽精矿标准物质的研制提出了更高的要求。本文阐述了4个铌钽精矿标准物质的研制过程,铌钽精矿采集于宜春及尼日利亚铌钽选厂,样品经气流粉碎和高铝球磨两次细碎及机械混匀后,随机抽取包装好的样品进行均匀性和稳定性检验及定值。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法与质谱法(ICP-OES/MS)进行均匀性和稳定性检验,结果表明样品的均匀性和稳定性良好。采用多个实验室协同测试的定值方式,利用不同原理的分析方法对此样品的铌钽等12个元素进行定值,给出了各定值元素的认定值和不确定度。4个铌钽精矿标准物质Ta(Nb)_2O_5的含量为9. 89%、20. 55%、40. 79%、53. 69%,形成一个从粗精矿到精矿较为完整的含量体系,可以满足选冶试验各阶段流程样品分析对标准物质的需求。     

Holocene history and environmental reconstruction of a Hercynian mire and surrounding mountain landscape based on multiple proxies

We discovered the first peat section covering the entire Holocene in the Hrubý Jeseník Mountains, representing an island of unique alpine vegetation whose history may display transitional features between the Hercynian and Carpathian regions. We analysed pollen, plant macrofossils (more abundant in bottom layers), testate amoebae (more abundant in upper layers), peat stratigraphy and chemistry. We found that the landscape development indeed differed from other Hercynian mountains located westward. This is represented by Pinus cembra and Larix during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition, the early expansion of spruce around 10,450 cal yr BP, and survival of Larix during the climatic optimum. The early Holocene climatic fluctuations are traced in our profile by species compositions of both the mire and surrounding forests. The mire started to develop as a calcium-rich percolation fen with some species recently considered to be postglacial relicts (Meesia triquetra, Betula nana), shifted into ombrotrophy around 7450 cal yr BP by autogenic succession and changed into a pauperised, nutrient-enriched spruce woodland due to modern forestry activities. We therefore concluded that its recent vegetation is not a product of natural processes. From a methodological viewpoint we demonstrated how using multiple biotic proxies and extensive training sets in transfer functions may overcome taphonomic problems.     

Ground motion scenarios consistent with probabilistic seismic hazard disaggregation analysis. Application to Mainland Portugal

Probabilistic seismic hazard for Mainland Portugal was re-evaluated in order to perform its disaggregation. Seismic hazard was disaggregated considering different spaces of random variables, namely, univariate conditional hazard distributions of M (magnitude), R (source-to-site distance) and ε (deviation of ground motion to the median value predicted by an attenuation model), bivariate conditional hazard distributions of M–R and X–Y (seismic source latitude and longitude) or multivariate conditional hazard distributions of M–R–ε and M–(X–Y)–ε. The main objective of the present work was achieved, as it was possible, based on the modal values of the above mentioned distributions, to characterize the scenarios that dominate some seismic hazard levels of the 278 Mainland Portuguese counties. In addition, results of 4D disaggregation analysis, in M–(X–Y)–ε, pointed out the existence of one geographic location shared by the dominant scenario of most analyzed counties, especially for hazard levels correspondent to high return periods. Those dominant scenarios are located offshore at a distance of approximately 70 km WSW of S. Vicente cape. On the other hand, the lower the return period the higher is the number of modal scenarios in the neighbourhood of the analyzed site. One may conclude that modal scenarios reproduce hazard target values in each site with great accuracy enabling the applications derived from those scenarios (e.g. loss evaluation) to be associated to a hazard level exceedance probability.     

锗矿石和铟矿石化学成分分析标准物质研制

目前国内外没有以稀散元素锗、铟为特征元素的矿石标准物质,为了满足我国地质找矿的需求,本文采集广东省韶关凡口铅锌矿作为锗矿石候选物,广西南丹铜坑铅锌矿作为铟矿石候选物,依据国家一级标准物质技术规范,由10家实验室采用化学分析方法和现代仪器分析方法协作定值,研制了1种锗矿石标准物质(GBW07831)和1种铟矿石标准物质(GBW07833)。锗矿石标准物质定值组分为45项,铟矿石标准物质定值组分为47项,包括特征元素、共存元素、稀土元素(15项)、造岩元素和痕量元素,其中锗矿石中锗含量为21.6×10-6,铟矿石中铟含量为39.7×10-6。研制的2种标准物质丰富了我国矿石标准物质的种类,可用于锗、铟矿石化学成分分析测试的量值标准和日常质量监控。     

滇东北山区坡耕地土壤可蚀性因子

通过对滇东北山区坡耕地３类代表性土壤———红壤、黄壤和紫色土建立标准试验小区并进行连续３年实测,建立起计算滇东北山区坡耕地土壤Ｋ值的修正诺模公式;在确定各个土壤参数基础上,计算了滇东北山区坡耕地主要土壤的Ｋ值,为建立坡耕地土壤流失方程、进行土壤侵蚀预测预报、制定水土保持措施奠定了可靠的基础。     

Effect of time on dynamic properties of cohesive soils using improved transfer function estimators

Improved estimators of the transfer function (H2, H3, H4), in addition to the conventional estimator (H1), were used to evaluate the dynamic soil properties and to study the effect of confinement duration on damping and shear modulus of soils. In this study, two types of cohesive soils, a kaolinite and a bentonite, were tested using a resonant column apparatus under random torsional excitation conditions. Root meam square strain levels in the range of 10⁻³–10⁻² and confining pressures in the range of 34.47–150 kPa were considered. The confinement duration ranged from 500 to 20 000 min. The results of this study indicate that as time increases, the difference in damping values obtained by the various estimators of the transfer function decreases, whereas the shear moduli are not influenced by the variation in confinement duration.     

海河平原北部地区土壤地球化学基准值与环境背景值

以北京市、天津市、河北省多目标区域地球化学调查(1:25万)取得的数据为基础,遵循地球化学基准值与环境背景值的概念,根据不同的沉积条件将研究区(即海河平原北部地区)划分为3个统计单元,运用标准化方法,即对土壤表层数据反复剔除异常数据后,通过其他元素与惰性元素Ti的相关关系分别计算得出各指标土壤的基准值;通过对土壤深层数据反复剔除异常数据后,获得了34项指标的平均值、标准离差和变异系数,并以此表征背景值。以上研究为区域土壤环境质量评价与监测预警提供了科学依据。     

A flexible multidimensional evaluation model for the dynamic values of traditional villages: Empirical study of cases in Northern Shaanxi北大核心CSCD

乡村振兴过程中,全面系统地认知传统村落活态化价值,对其进行客观有效地评估,具有重要的社会现实意义。面对类型多样且动态演化的传统村落,传统标准化的评价体系已难以适应不断变化的发展现实,因此构建一个更具弹性的评估模型是目前亟待解决的一个关键技术问题。论文从功能空间、景观意象和人文精神3个逻辑层面重新认知活态化价值的构成、关联及特征,据此构建出包括资源价值、要素延续、活化条件、功能适应、活化影响、发展潜能的多维评估框架,形成由3种类型和50项指标所构成的弹性评估模型,并以陕北地区54个国家级传统村落为案例进行模型验证。结果表明:(1)传统村落活态化价值具有多元性、交融性、动态性、脆弱性和适应性5个显著特征;(2)维度分析,运用多维弹性评估模型对传统村落展开评价,评价结果基本符合陕北地区的现实情况,且在不同评价维度上呈现出明显的结果差异,突显了不同类型传统村落的自身价值特征;(3)综合分析,陕北地区54个国家级传统村落活态化价值水平分值处于42.42~83.60区间内,平均为62.55分,活态化价值较高及以上的传统村落占比为39%左右,活态化价值一般及以下的传统村落占比61%左右,由此可见,陕北地区仍存在很多传统村落活态化价值发展水平不足的问题。传统村落活态化价值多维弹性评估模型兼具普适性和典型性的特点,适用于类型多样的传统村落,适应现阶段乡村振兴和遗产保护的现实需求。研究通过探索从单维静态评价向多维动态评估的技术提升,可进一步丰富和推动传统村落价值评估的理论研究和社会实践。