The origin and charging directions of Neogene biodegraded oils: A geochemical study of large oil fields in the middle of the Shijiutuo Uplift,Bohai Sea,China

Two large oil fields (QHD32-6 and QHD33-1), located in the middle part of the Shijiutuo Uplift, have generally suffered mild biodegradation. Based on multivariate statistical analysis of the biomarker parameters, this study discussed the origin and charging directions for these two oil fields.In contrast to Ed₃-derived oil, all available oil samples from these two large oil fields displayed low C₁₉/C₂₃, C₂₄/C₂₆ and high G/H and 4-MSI, which are attributed to the mixtures of oils derived from the Shahejie (Es₁ and Es₃) source rocks. Oils in QHD32-6, which contain relatively more Es₃-derived oil, are called Group I oils, and most oils in QHD33-1, which share relatively more Es₁-derived oil, are called Group II oils. Our mixed oil experiments reveal the predominant Es₃- and Es₁-derived oil contribution for Group I and Group II oil groups, respectively; however, the selection of end member oils warrants further research.Based on comparisons of biomarker parameters, the QHD32-6 oil field was mainly charged in the north by oil generated from Shahejie formation source rocks in the Bozhong depression. However, oils from the north of QHD32-6 field display a remarkable difference to the oils in the south of this field, which may indicate that a charging pathway exists from the QHD33-1 field. Considering the variations in biomarker compositions in the west to -east and northwest to -southeast sections across the QHD33-1 and QHD32-6 oil fields, it can be deduced that Es₃-sourced oil migrated westward to the QHD32-6 traps, and then charging by Es₁ oil from the Bozhong Sag resulted in the QHD33-1 oil field being characterized by the mixture of Es₃- and Es₁-sourced oil. Moreover, migration of Es₁-derived oil from the Qinnan Sag was not identified, implying that the QHD33-1 oil field is mainly charged from the northeast of the Bozhong Sag.     

Influence of lunar phases,winds and seasonality on the stranding of mesopelagic fish in the Strait of Messina (Central Mediterranean Sea)

The shore stranding of mesopelagic fauna is a recurrent phenomenon in the Strait of Messina (Central Mediterranean Sea). The aim of this paper is to test the influence of lunar phases, winds and seasons upon the frequency of occurrence of strandings of mesopelagic fish. Species abundance in relation to these factors was quantified for the first time. Specimens were collected stranded on the shore along the Sicilian coast of the Strait of Messina between 2008 and 2016. Overall 32 species belonging to seven families (Gonostomatidae, Microstomatidae, Myctophidae, Paralepididae, Phosichthyidae, Sternoptychidae, Stomiidae) were found stranded. Myctophidae was the family including the highest number of species (16), whereas Gonostomatidae was the most abundant in terms of total number of individuals (47.2%), mainly thanks to the species Cyclothone braueri. The moon, which influences the strength of currents (highest during full and new moon phases) and irradiance (higher in some lunar phases, such as the full moon), affected the abundance of stranded mesopelagic fish in the study area. The highest number of stranding events was recorded during the new moon: 34.6% of the total relative abundance of stranded mesopelagic fish. Wind blowing from the sea towards the coastline (southeasterly and easterly winds) created the best conditions for strandings. The highest abundance of stranded specimens was recorded during the winter season.     

中国北方中新生代盆地深部砂岩铀矿成矿条件与找矿方向

受开采技术、成本和成矿理论制约,现有的砂岩型铀矿勘查主要选择在盆地边缘700m以浅的地区,对盆地深部的铀矿找矿潜力研究较少。总结中国北方重要中新生代盆地的含铀岩系、构造特征,结合近年开展的北方砂岩型铀矿深部找矿,分析了盆地深部成矿有利的沉积建造、构造与流体改造、还原条件等,指明了盆地的深部找矿潜力。同时指出,作为战略储备,当前盆地深部寻找砂岩型铀矿要优先重视2个方向:(1)在盆地边缘斜坡区,重点以发育红-黑岩系结构的含铀地层为目标,寻找与浅部成矿条件相似的深部矿床;(2)在盆地中心区,以含铀的红色岩系为重点,优先寻找延伸至盆地深部的正向构造区和砂体发育区。这些认识在松辽盆地的铀矿调查中得到验证。     

伊通盆地莫里青复杂岩性油藏双二段沉积相研究

莫里青油田从2008年开始一直坚持勘探与开发一体化,在油藏增产增效方面取得了重大突破。储集层呈典型的岩性油藏特征,多期多物源沉积物的叠加,导致该油田岩性变化快,储层非均质性强,在2011年之前随着生产井数量的增加,产量不断上升,但是之后随着压力亏空,能力补充不及时,目前产油呈下降趋势,加之岩性油藏的隐蔽性和复杂性,使开发遇到了瓶颈。从油田开发效果来看,为了有效改善和提高莫里青油田开采效率,必须加强地质认识,在此基础上进行高效的生产。在区域沉积背景下,通过大量岩心观察与描述,从沉积物形成条件、物源方向以及分选性对莫里青油田的沉积模式进行识别,提出了斜坡裙沉积模式。在沉积模式指导下,基于单井砂体统计基础,识别出3种沉积亚相,并进一步细分出5种微相类型。     

基于强震和测震数据对鲁甸6.5级地震发震断层方向的研究

2014年8月3日16时30分,云南省昭通市鲁甸县发生M6.5地震,宏观震中位于鲁甸县龙头山镇(27.1°N,103.3°E),深度约12km。发震断层为NW向包谷垴-小河断裂,是NE向昭通-鲁甸断裂系的NW向次级走滑断层。文中利用鲁甸地震50个强震台站观测记录与135个测震台站观测记录,分别进行峰值加速度计算和S波辐射图案匹配,对此次地震发震断层方向进行讨论。结果表明,"NW向"的断层方向更符合强震、测震仪器观测值,同时与地震灾害现场调查结果一致。     

基于互联网的地震信息精准与定向传播研究

当互联网的移动时代来临时,数量众多的个人成为信息传播的载体,尤其是在地震灾难事件发生后,信息的不确定性、虚假性也陡然猛增。面对大量繁杂的信息,即使在相对准确的信息面前,人们往往因自身的判断失误而无法做出正确的选择,不少准确的信息也因为失去有效的传播途径而被忽视和湮没。精准与定向这个概念自然而然便浮现出来,精准与定向成为互联网信息传播的发展趋势。本文结合地震信息传播的特点,提出基于互联网的地震信息精准与定向传播研究思路,最大限度地发挥地震信息传播在防震减灾中的作用。     

一种方向和度量关系组合描述模型

为在统一的框架下研究方向和度量关系,在改进的锥形模型表达方向关系、定性度量关系表示的基础上,本文提出一种新的方向和度量关系组合描述模型。在对方向关系和度量关系定性描述基础上,采用7×7的矩阵和简化后的3×3的矩阵,分别表达方向和度量关系组合模型,并对组合模型的取值范围和数量进行分析。在方向和度量关系组合模型基础上,定义了组合描述模型的5个有效性规则,用于排除不可能的组合关系;设计了方向和度量关系组合描述模型的实例,用于验证模型的有效性。方向和度量关系组合描述模型将方向关系和度量关系有机地结合在一起,提高了空间关系描述的准确性和有效性。     

芦山地震崩滑灾害空间分布及相关问题探讨

由于逆断层作用,2013年芦山M_S 7.0地震诱发的崩滑地质灾害分布表现出了明显的上盘效应与方向效应。在震后应急科考中未发现发震断层的地表破裂带,然而灾区大量出现的地震诱发滑坡、崩塌,加之密集的余震分布、地震烈度调查结果等,提供了确定芦山地震宏观震中、地震动错动方向以及研究地震发震构造等的诸多线索。 统计结果表明,芦山地震诱发的滑坡、崩塌具有明显的优势滑动方向（135°～144°）,该方向揭示了地震断层的错动方向,与震源机制解反映的一致,大体垂直于发震断层的走向;从地震诱发崩塌、滑坡灾害点的分布与密度判断,宏观震中位于宝盛乡北,在仪器记录震中东北约3.6km处;从余震群分布、地震诱发滑坡分布特点及地震等烈度线等,结合以往强震如汶川地震等的调查经验,推测当震级足够大时,发震断层地表破裂带可能通过地质灾害、余震密集区东侧的边缘地带,总体平行于双石-大川断裂。另外,通过分析地层岩性与崩滑地形条件之间的关联性,发现崩滑灾害在某些地层岩性中易发,灾害点呈线性排列的原因是不同地层岩性之间抗风化能力的差异性,造成在地层分界线上形成线性陡崖或高坡度地带,使之在强震作用下容易发生崩塌、滑坡。     

How hydrological factors initiate instability in a model sandy slope

Knowledge of the mechanisms of rain‐induced shallow landslides can improve the prediction of their occurrence and mitigate subsequent sediment disasters. Here, we examine an artificial slope's subsurface hydrology and propose a new slope stability analysis that includes seepage force and the down‐slope transfer of excess shear forces. We measured pore water pressure and volumetric water content immediately prior to a shallow landslide on an artificial sandy slope of 32°: The direction of the subsurface flow shifted from downward to parallel to the slope in the deepest part of the landslide mass, and this shift coincided with the start of soil displacement. A slope stability analysis that was restricted to individual segments of the landslide mass could not explain the initiation of the landslide; however, inclusion of the transfer of excess shear forces from up‐slope to down‐slope segments improved drastically the predictability. The improved stability analysis revealed that an unstable zone expanded down‐slope with an increase in soil water content, showing that the down‐slope soil initially supported the unstable up‐slope soil; destabilization of this down‐slope soil was the eventual trigger of total slope collapse. Initially, the effect of apparent soil cohesion was the most important factor promoting slope stability, but seepage force became the most important factor promoting slope instability closer to the landslide occurrence. These findings indicate that seepage forces, controlled by changes in direction and magnitude of saturated and unsaturated subsurface flows, may be the main cause of shallow landslides in sandy slopes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

沉积学研究热点与进展:第19届国际沉积学大会综述

基于第19届国际沉积学大会资料,分析了当前国际沉积学研究热点和研究进展,指出除了资源沉积学研究持续走热外,全球气候变化沉积记录、深水沉积与事件沉积和碳酸盐与微生物沉积成为当前沉积学3大热门研究领域。全球气候沉积记录领域的进展表现在气候的沉积记录载体研究,特殊地质时期或地域气候效应及早期气候宏观变化规律研究;深水沉积与事件沉积领域的进展包括水力跳跃、深水实地监测等重力流沉积过程研究,地震、海啸、洪水、火山等事件沉积学及重力流沉积预测及油气勘探;碳酸盐与微生物沉积领域的进展包含冷水碳酸盐沉积和微生物对碳酸盐沉积的控制。对比表明,中国沉积学研究在环境上关注河湖等陆相多,风成、冰川和海岸等研究较薄弱;性质上以资源沉积学等应用研究为主导,沉积动力过程等基础研究薄弱;热点领域上对深水沉积和非常规油气领域关注多,但多局限于沉积现象描述与油气勘探开发实践。笔者指出,注重碎屑物沉积动力过程和源—渠—汇系统分析,及时引进深水和冷水碳酸盐沉积理论、发展生物地质学,充分利用大量科探和油田钻孔资料开展全球气候研究,是近期中国沉积学突破的可能方向。